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EPA/625/1-88/022September1988DesignManualConstructedWetlandsandAquaticPlantSystemsforMunicipalWastewaterTreatmentU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyOfficeofResearchandDevelopmentCenterforEnvironmentalResearchInformationCincinnati,OH45268NoticeThisdocumenthasbeenreviewedinaccordancewiththeU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency’speerandadministrativereviewpoliciesandapprovedforpublication.Mentionoftradenamesorcommercialproductsdoesnotconstituteendorsementorrecommendationforuse.Thisdocumentisnotintendedtobeaguidanceorsupportdocumentforaspecificregulatoryprogram.GuidancedocumentsareavailablefromEPAandmustbeconsultedtoaddressspecificregulatoryissues.iiContentsChapterPage1AQUATICTREATMENTSYSTEMS....................................11.1Introduction...................................................1.1.1Scope..................................................1.1.2PotentialUsesofNaturalSystems..............................1.2Classification..................................................1.2.1NaturalWetlands...........................................1.2.2ConstructedWetlands.......................................1.2.3AquaticPlantSystems.......................................1.3NaturalWetlands...............................................1.4ConstructedWetlands...........................................1.4.1FreeWaterSurfaceSystems(FWS).............................1.4.2SubsurfaceFlowSystems(SFS)...............................1.5AquaticPlantSystems...........................................1.5.1FloatingPlantSystems......................................1.5.2SubmergedPlantSystems....................................1.6References...................................................1112234444555672ENVIRONMENTALANDPUBLICHEALTHCONSIDERATIONS.................92.1Introduction...................................................2.2Nitrogen.....................................................2.3Phosphorus.................................................2.4Pathogens..................................................2.4.1Parasites...............................................2.4.2Bacteria................................................2.4.3Viruses................................................2.5Metals.....................................................2.6TraceOrganics...............................................2.6References..................................................9910101010111111123DESIGNOFCONSTRUCTEDWETLANDS..............................153.1TypesofConstructedWetlands...................................153.1.1FreeWaterSurfaceSystemswithEmergentPlants.................153.1.2SubsurfaceFlowSystemswithEmergentPlants...................153.2SiteSelection................................................153.2.1Topography.............................................153.2.2SoilPermeabilityforFreeWaterSurfaceSystems..................153.2.3HydrologicalFactors.......................................163.2.4WaterRightsConsiderations.................................163.3PerformanceExpectations.......................................163.3.1BOD5RemovalinFWSWetlands..............................183.3.2BOD5RemovalinSFSWetlands..............................19IIIChapterContents(continued)Page4DESIGNOFAQUATICPLANTSYSTEMS...............................47FiguresNumberPage1-13-13-23-33-43-53-63-73-83-93-103-113-123-133-143-154-14-24-34-44-54-64-74-84-94-104-114-124-134-144-154-16CommonAquaticPlants..........................................3GeneralDesignSchemesforDenitrification...........................16Pilot-ScaleConstructedWetland-GravelPlantedTrenchwithBrush.......18SensitivityofCe/CoRatiotoAv...................................20SensitivityofCe/CoRatiotoTemperature............................20RegressionCurveofTKNvs.DetentionTimeintheEffluentofanAlternatingTypa/Open-Water/GravelSystem.........................23Arcata,CAPilotMarshSystem....................................28Arcata,CAWastewaterTreatmentFacilitiesFlowDiagram................31Arcata,CAIntermediateFWSSystem...............................32BODPerformanceDataforEmmitsburg,MDSFS......................35TSSPerformanceDataforEmmitsburg,MDSFS.......................35BOD5PerformanceDataforGustine,CAPilotMarshSystem..............37SSPerformanceDataforGustine,CAPilotMarshSystem................37Gustine,CAMarshSystemFlowSchematic..........................40FabiusCoalFacilitySitePlan.....................................42FabiusCoalFacilityImpoundment1Wetlands.........................43MorphologyoftheHyacinthPlant..................................50SuitableAreasforHyacinthSystems................................50MorphologyofandPotentialGrowthAreasforDuckweedPlants............51EvolutionofFlowpatternThroughSanDiego,CAWaterHyacinthTreatmentPonds..............................................56EvolutionofPond3FlowandAerationSystemConfigurationsatSanDiego,CA...............................................57SitePlanforSanDiego,CAAquaculturePilotPlant.....................63SchematicDiagramofPrimaryandSecondaryFac