排故流程-液压系统常见故障的诊断及消除方法

1液压系统排故障排除流程（液压系统常见故障的诊断及消除方法）液压系统简单排故流程图：················································································2液压系统常见故障的诊断及消除方法····································································21常见故障的诊断方法················································································21.1简易故障诊断法············································································21.2液压系统原理图分析法····································································31.3其它分析法···················································································32系统噪声、振动大的消除方法（见表1）····························································33系统压力不正常的消除方法（见表1）·······························································34系统动作不正常的消除方法（见表12）·····························································45系统液压冲击大的消除方法（见表1）·······························································46系统油温过高的消除方法（见表4）··································································56液压件常见故障及处理···················································································56.1液压泵常见故障及处理（表5）·······························································56.2液压马达常见故障及处理（见表6）························································106.3液压缸常见故障及处理（见表7）···························································116.4压力阀常见故障及处理·········································································156.4.1溢流阀常见故障及处理（见表8）··················································156.4.2减压阀常见故障及处理（见表9）··················································176.4.3顺序阀常见故障及处理（见表10）················································176.5流量阀常见故障及处理（见表11）···················································186.6方向阀常见故障及处理···································································196.6.2多路换向阀常见故障及处理（见表13）··········································216.6.3液控单向阀常见故障及处理（见表14）··········································216.6.4压力继电器（压力开关）常见故障及处理（见表15）························226.7液压控制系统的安装、调试和故障处理要点····················································226.7.1液压控制系统的安装、调试································································226.7.2液压控制系统的故障处理（表16）······················································232液压系统简单排故流程图：滑台不动捅阀无动作电气问题，转交电工处理检查系统压力不正常检查液压泵检查各阀不正常更换液压泵检查滤芯堵塞更换滤芯不正常更换问题阀检查管路堵塞疏通或更换液压系统常见故障的诊断及消除方法1常见故障的诊断方法液压设备是由机械、液压、电气等装置组合而成的，故出现的故障也是多种多样的。某一种故障现象可能由许多因素影响后造成的，因此分析液压故障必须能看懂液压系统原理图，对原理图中各个元件的作用有一个大体的了解，然后根据故障现象进行分析、判断，针对许多因素引起的故障原因需逐一分析，抓住主要矛盾，才能较好的解决和排除。液压系统中工作液在元件和管路中的流动情况，外界是很难了解到的，所以给分析、诊断带来了较多的困难，因此要求人们具备较强分析判断故障的能力。在机械、液压、电气诸多复杂的关系中找出故障原因和部位并及时、准确加以排除。1.1简易故障诊断法简易故障诊断法是目前采用最普遍的方法，它是靠维修人员凭个人的经验，利用简单仪表根据液压系统出现的故障，客观的采用问、看、听、摸、闻等方法了解系统工作情况，进行分析、诊断、确定产生故障的原因和部位，具体做法如下：1）询问设备操作者，了解设备运行状况。其中包括：液压系统工作是否正常；液压泵有无异常现象；液压油检测清洁度的时间及结果；滤芯清洗和更换情况；发生故障前是否对液压元件进行了调节；是否更换过密封元件；故障前后液压系统出现过哪些不正常现象；过去该系统出现过什么故障，是如何排除的等，需逐一进行了解。2）看液压系统工作的实际状况，观察系统压力、速度、油液、泄漏、振动等是否存在问题。3）听液压系统的声音，如：冲击声；泵的噪声及异常声；判断液压系统工作是否正常。4）摸温升、振动、爬行及联接处的松紧程度判定运动部件工作状态是否正常。3总之，简易诊断法只是一个简易的定性分析，对快速判断和排除故障，具有较广泛的实用性。1.2液压系统原理图分析法根据液压系统原理图分析液压传动系统出现的故障，找出故障产生的部位及原因，并提出排除故障的方法。液压系统图分析法是目前工程技术人员应用最为普遍的方法，它要求人们对液压知识具有一定基础并能看懂液压系统图掌握各图形符号所代表元件的名称、功能、对元件的原理、结构及性能也应有一定的了解，有这样的基础，结合动作循环表对照分析、判断故障就很容易了。所以认真学习液压基础知识掌握液压原理图是故障诊断与排除最有力的助手，也是其它故障分析法的基础。必须认真掌握。1.3其它分析法液压系统发生故障时，往往不能立即找出故障发生的部位和根源，为了避免盲目性，人们必须根据液压系统原理进行逻辑分析或采用因果分析等方法逐一排除，最后找出发生故障的部位，这就是用逻辑分析的方法查找出故障。为了便于应用，故障诊断专家设计了逻辑流程图或其它图表对故障进行逻辑判断，为故障诊断提供了方便。2系统噪声、振动大的消除方法（见表1）表1系统噪声、振动大的消除方法故障现象及原因消除方法故障现象及原因消除方法1.泵中噪声、振动，引起管路、油箱共振1.在泵的进、出油口用软管联接2.泵不要装在油箱上，应将电动机和泵单独装在底座上，和油箱分开3.加大液压泵，降低电动机转数4.在泵的底座和油箱下面塞进防振材料5.选择低噪声泵，采用立式电动机将液压泵浸在油液中4.管道内油流激烈流动的噪声1.加粗管道，使流速控制在允许范围内2.少用弯头多采用曲率小的弯管3.采用胶管4.油流紊乱处不采用直角弯头或三通5.采用消声器、蓄能器等2.阀弹簧所引起的系统共振1.改变弹簧的安装位置2.改变弹簧的刚度3.把溢流阀改成外部泄油形式4.采用遥控的溢流阀5.完全排出回路中的空气6.改变管道的长短、粗细、材质、厚度等7.增加管夹使管道不致振动8.在管道的某一部位装上节流阀5.油箱有共鸣声1.增厚箱板2.在侧板、底板上增设筋板3.改变回油管末端的形状或位置6.阀换向产生的冲击噪声1.降低电液阀换向的控制压力2.在控制管路或回油管路上增设节流阀3.选用带先导卸荷功能的元件4.采用电气控制方法，使两个以上的阀不能同时换向3.空气进入液压缸引起的振动1.很好地排出空气2.可对液压缸活塞、密封衬垫涂上二硫化钼润滑脂即可7.溢流阀、卸荷阀、液控单向阀、平衡阀等工作不良，引起的管道振动和噪声1.适当处装上节流阀2.改变外泄形式3.对回路进行改造4.增设管夹3系统压力不正常的消除方法（见表1）表1系统压力不正常的消除方法4故障现象及原因消除方法压力不足溢流阀旁通阀损坏修理或更换减压阀设定值太低重新设定集成通道块设计有误重新设计减压阀损坏修理或更换泵、马达或缸损坏、内泄大修理或更换压力不稳定油中混有空气堵漏、加油、排气溢流阀磨损、弹簧刚性差修理或更换油液污染、堵塞阀阻尼孔清洗、换油蓄能器或充气阀失效修理或更换泵、马达或缸磨损修理或更换压力过高减压阀、溢流阀或卸荷阀设定值不对重新设定变量机构不工作修理或更换减压阀、溢流阀或卸荷阀堵塞或损坏清洗或更换4系统动作不正常的消除方法（见表12）表12系统动作不正常的消除方法故障现象及原因消除方法系统压力正常执行元件无动作电磁阀中电磁铁有故障排除或更换限位或顺序装置（机械式、电气式或液动式）不工作或调得不对调整、修复或更换机械故障排除没有指令信号查找、修复放大器不工作或调得不对调整、修复或更换阀不工作调整、修复或更换缸或马达损坏修复或更换执行元件动作太慢泵输出流量不足或系统泄漏太大检查、修复或更换油液粘度太高或太低检查、调整或更换阀的控制压力不够或阀内阻尼孔堵塞清洗、调整外负载过大检查、调整放大器失灵或调得不对调整修复或更换阀芯卡涩清洗、过滤或换油缸或马达磨损严重修理或更换动作不规则压力不正常见5.3节消除油中混有空气加油、排气指令信号不稳定查找、修复放大器失灵或调得不对调整、修复或更换传感器反馈失灵修理或更换阀芯卡涩清洗、滤油缸或马达磨损或损坏修理或更换5系统液压冲击大的消除方法（见表1）5表1系统液压冲击大的消除方法现象及原因消除方法换向时产生冲击换向时瞬时关闭、开启，造成动能或势能相互转换时产生的液压冲击1.延长换向时间2.设计带缓冲的阀芯3.加粗管径、缩短管路液压缸在运动中突然被制动所产生的液压冲击液压缸运动时，具有很大的动量和惯性，突然被制动，引起较大的压力增值故产生液压冲击1.液压缸进出油口处分别设置，反应快、灵敏度高的小型安全阀2.在满足驱动力时尽量减少系统工作压力，或适当提高系统背压3.液压缸附近安装囊式蓄能器液压缸到达终点时产生的液压冲击液压缸运动时产生的动量和惯性与缸体发生碰撞，引起的冲击1.在液压缸两端设缓冲装置2.液压缸进出油口处分别设置反应快，灵敏度高的小型溢流阀3.设置行程（开关）阀6系统油温过高的消除方法（见表4）表4系统油温过高的消除方法故障现象及原因消除方法1.设定压力过高适当调整压力2.溢