钻井基础-Basic-Drilling-Engineering

BasicDrillingEngineeringContentsWHYWEDRILLPROSPECTSELECTIONHISTORICALBACKGROUNDMODIFICATIONINDRILLINGTYPESOFDRILLINGWHATAREDIFFERENTWELLLOCATIONSINTERMSOFDRILLINGCONVENTINALDRILLINGRIGCOMPONENTSRIGCOMPONENTSADVANCEMENTINROTARYDRILLINGMUDTYPES&THEIRUSAGEWHATWECALLASUCCESSFULDRILLINGOPERATIONWhyWeDrillTOKNOWTHESUB-SURFACETOGETWATERFROMUNDERNEATHTOGETTHEBLACKGOLD(OIL)&GASProspectSelectionIncaseofProductionwells,prospectselectionisidentifiedbytheneedtomaintainorincreasereservoirproductionExplorationwellsrequiregeologicalandgeophysicaldatagathering,processingandevaluation•Surfacegeologicalstudy•Subsurfacemapping•Identificationofstructurese.g.anticlines,saltdomes,faulttraps,sandbodieslenses•SeismicEvaluationHistoricalBackground1808PERCUSSIONDRILLINGBYCHINESEFIRSTCOMMERCIALWELL1859CABLETOOLPERCUSSIONDRILLING1918WORLDDEEPESTWELLBYCABLETOOL(7386ft)1930ROTARYDRILLINGModificationInDrillingRotaryDrillingCoilTubingBYTHEPONDINGACTIONOFTHEDRILLINGBITSBYTHEROTARYACTIONOFTHEDRILLBITSUSEDFORTHEHORIZONTAL&MULTILATERALDRILLINGCableToolWhatarethedifferentWellLocationsintermsofDrillingOnshoreandOffshoreBasicDrillingRigFunctionsHOISTING•DERRICK•DRAWWORKS•BLOCKS•HOOKROTATING•ROTARYTABLE•SWIVEL•KELLYCIRCULATING•PUMPS•STANDPIPES•SOLIDSCONTROLEQUIPMENTCONTROLLING•BLOWOUTPREVENTOR•CHOKESYSTEMBasicDrillingRigFunctionsRigComponents(HoistingSystem)DERRICKThefunctionofaderrickistoprovideverticalclearancetotheraisingandloweringofdrillstringintoandoutofboreholeTwotypeofDerricksStandardDerricks-itisofboltedconstructionandassembledpartbypartMast–aportablederrick,onecapableofbeingerectedasaunitCROWNBLOCKThefixedsetofpulleys(calledsheaves)locatedatthetopofthederrickormastoverwhichthedrillinglineisthreaded.TRAVELLINGBLOCKApulley(sheave)assemblythatconnectsthedrillinglinetothehookandswivelRigComponents(HoistingSystem)RigComponents(HoistingSystem)DRAWWORKSItisthecontrolcenterfromwhichthedrilleroperatestherig.Itcontainsclutches,chainsandothercontrolsIthousesthedrumwhichspoolsdrillinglineduringhoistingandallowsfeedoffduringdrillingRigComponents(RotatingSystem)KELLYAKellyisasquareorhexagonallengthofpipethatfitsintoabushingintherig'srotarytable.Astherotarytableturnstotheright,theKellyturnswithit.ThemainfunctionofaKellyistotransferenergyfromtherotarytabletotherestofthedrillstringSWIVELItsuspendsthedrillstringandallowsrotationatthesametimeKELLYROTARYTABLERATHOLERigComponents(RotatingSystem)DRILLPIPESDrillpipefurnishesthenecessarylengthfordrillstringandservesasaconduitforthedrillingfluidDRILLCOLLARSProvidesweightandstabilitytothedrillbit,maintaintensiononthedrillpipeandhelpkeeptheholeonastraightcourseRigComponents(RotatingSystem)•HEAVYWALLDRILLPIPESprovidesadditionalholestabilityandaidsindirectionalcontrol•STABILIZERScentralizethedrillcollars,helpmaintaintheholeatfull-gaugediameter•JARSprovidessharpupwardordownwardimpacttofreestuckpipe•REAMERShelpstomaintainafull-gaugeholediameter•CROSSOVERSUBSwhichjoincomponentshavingdifferenttypesofconnections.RigComponents(RotatingSystem)BITSMostcriticalcomponentinrotarydrillingoperations.DifferenttypesofbitsTwomaintypeofbits:Rollingcutterbits-consistofcuttingelementsarrangedoncones(usuallythreecones,butsometimestwo)thatrotateonbearingsabouttheirownaxisasthedrillstringturnsthebodyofthebit.ThesebitscanhaveteethorbuttonsRigComponents(RotatingSystem)•Fixedcutterbits-alsoknownasdragbits,consistofstationarycuttingelementsthatareintegralwiththebodyofthebitandarerotateddirectlybytheturningofthedrillstring.Theprincipaltypesoffixedcutterbitsare•naturaldiamond•polycrystallinediamondcompact(PDC)CirculatingSystemRigComponents(CirculatingSystem)MUDPUMPSTheirfunctionistocirculatethedrillingfluidatthedesiredpressureandvolumeThepumpnormallyusedforthisserviceisreciprocatingpiston,doubleactingandduplextypeSTANDPIPEArigidmetalconduitthatprovidesthehigh-pressurepathwayfordrillingmudtotravelapproximatelyone-thirdofthewayupthederrickwhereitconnectstoaflexiblehigh-pressurehose(Kellyhose)ManylargerigsarefittedwithdualstandpipessothatdowntimeiskepttoaminimumifonestandpiperequiresrepairRigComponents(PowerSystem)PRIMEMOVRESTheseareusedtosupplypowertodrillingoperations.Thesecanbesteamengines,electricmotors,internalcombustionengineThebulkofrigpowerisconsumedintwooperationsnamelycirculationoffluidandhoistingRigComponents(ControllingSystem)BLOWOUTPREVENTER(BOP)Iftheformationpressureismorethantheimposedbydrillingfluid,inthiscaseformationfluidsflowintoboreholeandeventuallytothesurface.ThiseffectiscalledblowoutThemainfunctionofblowoutpreventersistoclosetheannularspacebetweenthedrillpipeandcasingADVANCEMENTSINROTARYDRILLINGDIRECTIONALDRILLINGHORIZONTALDRILLINGMULTILATERALDRILLINGCOILTUBINGDRILLINGDrillingHazardsToolsdroppedwhiledrillingPipestuckIncreasedsizeofholeLostcirculationproblemsSloughingshaleWhatwecallasuccessfulDrillingOperationThroughwhichwegetourdesiredresultswithoutanyaccidents.QuizTestQ.1ThefirstcommercialwellwasdrilledbyQ.2writedownthenamesofhoistingequipmentQ.3WhatisthefunctionofDerrick?Q.4Wh