概念整合理论

ConceptualBlendingTheory1.Conceptualblending1.1Definitionofconceptualblending1.2Durtherdimensionsofcompression:space,time,cause-effectandpart-whole.1.3Governingrulesofblendingandentrenchment8/3/20202.Conceptualblendinginlinguisticandanalysisanddescription2.1Conceptualblendingandmorphologicalblends2.2Compoundsandacronymsasconceptualblends2.3Conceptualblending,eventstructureandconstructions8/3/2020firewarm/disasterautumnharvestseawave8/3/2020概念是人认识世界的产物，是对事物本质的反映，是对一类事物进行概括的符号表征（赵艳芳，2001:81）概念是人类对客观世界体验的、凝练的表达，心智的体验加工是概念的终端产品，概念被视为认知科学的中心（RobertA.Wilson,FrankC.Keil,2000:177）。概念是经验的一个组成部分，所有的经验都是概念性的，是已经验的概念（[法]马克·弗罗芒·莫里斯）。8/3/2020DefinitionConceptualblending,alsocalledconceptualintegrationorviewapplication,isatheoryofcognitiondevelopedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner.Accordingtothistheory,elementsandvitalrelationsfromdiversescenariosareblendedinasubconsciousprocess,whichisassumedtobeubiquitoustoeverydaythoughtandlanguage.(Wikipedia)8/3/2020DefinitionConceptualblendingtheoryispredicatedontheexistenceofdifferentmentalspaces,eachcomprisingasetofinterrelatedelementsthatcanbeactivatedasaunit.(MichaelKiang,2005:13)8/3/2020DefinitionInconceptualblendingtheory,elementsfromdifferentmentalspacesarealignedwithoneanotheraswellasselectivelyprojectedtoablendedspace,yieldingemergentmeaning(Fauconnier&Turner,1998).8/3/2020MentalSpaceMentalspacearesmallconceptualpacketsconstructedaswethinkandtalk,forpurposeoflocalunderstandingandaction...theyoperateinworkingmemorybutarebuiltuppartlybyactivatingstructuresavailablefromlongtermmemory.(FauconnierandTurner,2001:40,102)8/3/2020VW'sPickupManWolfgangBernhard:TakingonatroubledbrandHewon'tstarthisjobuntilFebruary-andWolfgangBernhardhasalreadyearnedhisfutureemployer,GermanautogiantVolkswagen,manytimeshissalary.When,inOctiber,VWannouncedthe44-year-oldturnaroundspecilalistwouldbecometheNo.2underCEOBerndPischetsrieder,investorscelebratedbyraisingVW'smarketcap€1billioninasingleday.Volkswagenobviouslyneedsashotinthearm....newsweek,December27.20058/3/2020ashotinthearmsuggeststhemetapher+ECONOMICALWELL-BEINGISHEALTH+whichissupportedbyacause-effectmetonymy:+SHOT(=INJECTION)STANDSFORHEALTH.Thismetapherisinterpretedwithinthemappingscoperootedinthebasicexperienceofwhatisgood(i.e.feelinghealthy)orbad(i.e.feelingill).8/3/2020Thereisanassumptionthatreadingthematerial,readersconstructamentalspacecontaining,amongthethingstheinformationthatVolkswagenhashiredanewdirector.Itisahiringspace.Alongwithitthereisanothermentalspace:injectionspace.8/3/2020Accordingtotheconceptual-blendingtheory,thesetwomentalspaces(thehiringandtheinjectionspace,whicharecalledinputspaces)arebroughttogetherandintergrated,orblended.Theresultofthiscognitiveoperationisanewblendedspacecontaininginformationprojectedfrombothinputspaces.8/3/2020ProcessesofblendedspaceCompositionisalwaysinvolvedwhenconceptualcontentfromtwoormorementalspacesisfusedintheblendedspace.Completionisrequiredtounderstandtheblendonesituationdescribed.Elaborationisenvisagedinahighlydynamicfashion,i.e.intermsof'simulating'or'running'theblend.Themostimportantisthatelaborationcanisinprincipleopen-endedandwillvaryamongreaders8/3/20208/3/2020Inputspacesnotonlyfeedtheblendedspace,butarealsolinkedtoeachotherbycross-spacemappings,whicharebasedonwhatFauconnierandTurner(2002:89-111)callvitalrelations.Inourexample,thereisanidentityrelationbetweentheactionsofhiringanewdirector(inputspace1)andofadministeringaninjection(inputspace2).bymeansofcompositionandcompletion,thetwoinputspacesareprojectedintotheblendedspace.Theactionsarecalledcompression.8/3/2020Compressionisinfacttheultimategoalofthewholeblendingprocess.Thecrucialeffectofcompressionisthattheconceptualcomplexityoftheinputsfromseveralsourcesisreducedconsiderably.Anewlyintergratedandunifiedconceptualstructureemergesthatiscognitivelymanageableandthushas,asFauconnierandTurner(2002:312)putit,humanscale.8/3/20201.2Furtherdimensionsofcompression:space,time,cause-effectandpart-wholea.Spatialcompressionb.Compressionalongthetimedimensionc.Cause-effectd.Part-whole8/3/2020a.SpatialcompressionWithoutanywarninganAmerican-typetornadohitthesleepyFrenchvillageofChatel-les-Bainsatrailofdestructionbehind.Therearetwolocations:AmeriaandFrench.Itisclearlythatpeople'sspatialseparationmustbeovercomeforthemessagetomakesense.Thisiswhythetwoinputspacesarecompressedtoovercometheirspatialseparation.8/3/2020Whatachievedinthisonlineprocessandwhatisobviouslyquitesufficientforourcompressionisanemergentstructure,whichestablishescertainlinksbetweenthetwosettings,butleavesthedetailsunresolved.8/3/2020b.CompressionalongthetimedimensionRegattablend(船赛整合)TheclippershipNorthernLightsailedin1853fromSanFranciscotoBostonin76days,8hours.Thattimewasstillthefastestonrecordinthe1993,whenamoderncatamaran,GreatAmericanII,setoutonthesamecourse.AfewdaysbaforeitreachedBoston,observerswereabletosay:atthispointGreatAmericanIIis4.5daysaheadofNorthernLight.8/3/2020Thetwoinputspacesareprojectedintotheblendedspaceandfusedbymeansofcomposition