大学英语四级写作技巧

大学英语四级写作技巧一．写作的目的及要求二、评分原则三、四级短文写作目的：测试学生用英语书面表达思想的能力，能够直接有效地测出考生综合运用语言的能力，较准确地反映考生的英语水平。一．写作的目的及要求要求:大学英语作文测试要求考生能够运用学到的语言知识，按规矩的题目要求，在30分钟内写出一篇120个词左右的短文，语义连贯，表达正确，无重大语法错误。题目的内容包括科技，社会，文化，或日常生活等方面的一般常识。题目形式多种多样，有提纲作文，段首句作文，关键词作文，图表作文，书信作文，和规定情景作文等。•1.四级作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。•2.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切的表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。二.评分原则考生要有较坚实的语言功底，具有一定的英语短文的写作知识，而且也要具备一定的写作技巧。下面，我们拟就段落写作、书信写作、图标写作三方面讲解四级短文写作。三、四级短文写作段落写作一．段落的组成•段落大多由三个部分组成：•主题句(Topicsentence)；•扩展句（Developingsentences）；•结尾句(Endingsentence).•1.主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.•E.g.Smokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.Medicalsciencehasnowprovedthatsmokingcancauselungcancerandotherdiseasessuchasemphysema.Yourchancesofhavingaheartattackalsoincreasethemoreyousmoke.Smokingisdefinitelyahealthhazard.•2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。•Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主题句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(扩展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(结尾句).•3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.Englishisfavoredonthefollowinggrounds.Itistheofficiallanguageofanumberofcountries.Ofothercountries,itistheirsecondlanguage.Instillothers,Englishisspokenastheirmajorforeignlanguage.That’swhyEnglishissopopularinourpresentworld.•二.段落的基本特征要写好段落就要清楚段落应具有的基本特征，即•统一性(unity)，•连贯性(coherence)，•简洁性(conciseness)，•重点突出(emphasis)，•用字遣句有变换(variety)1.段落的统一性一个段落只有一个主题。组成该段落的所有句子都应为这个主题服务。任何与主题无关的内容，任何不能支持段落主题的内容都必须舍弃。例如：•Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Theweatherisfineanditisnotashotasitisinthesummer.Peoplefeelcoolandcomfortable.Thesceneryisverybeautifulwithallkindsofflowershereandthere.Andtherearevariouskindsoffruits.Thepeasantsbegintogatherincropsandfruits.修改后的段落为：•Autumnisagoodseasonforpicnic.Itiseasyforpeopletochooseafinedayforanoutingbecausetheweatherisalwaysnice，neithertoohotnortoocold.Thesceneryisbeautiful，too.Theredleavescoveringthemountains，thewildflowersboominginthefieldsandcolorfulfruitshangingonthetreesareallpleasanttolookat.Apicnicintheopenairinautumnwillcertainlybeenjoyedbyeveryone.2.段落的连贯性•一个段落除了内容统一,意思完整之外,句与句之间还必须按一个清晰,合乎逻辑的顺序安排内容,转折自然,结构紧凑.•Sinceshelostherweight,Carolehaschangedherimage.Shenolongerwearsdark-coloredclothes.Infact,sheoftenwearsred,pink,andevenbrightorange.Inadditiontowearingbrightclothes,shehaslightedthecolorofherhair.Frommousybrown,shehasprogressedtosun-streakedblonde.•三.段落内外的衔接过渡•为确保段落内容的连贯性，除了内容安排要符合一定的顺序外，句子与句子之间还应使用过渡句型或者是连接语。•例一：(1)Todeveloptourismhasadvantages.Tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.•上段无连接词语，实质是一堆简单句的拼凑，读起来枯燥乏味。•(2)Todeveloptourismhasmanyadvantages.Inthefirstplace,tourismhelpsdevelopanation’scommerceandcontributetoonenation’seconomy.Inthesecondplace,tourismprovidesjobsformanypeopleandhelpsussolveoreasethesocialproblemofunemployment.Third,tourismhelpsincreaseunderstandingbetweenpeoplesandhelpspeoplelearnaboutdifferentculturesoftheworld.上段虽然也是由简单的句子组成，但由于有效使用了连接词语，并不给人留下简单的印象；相反，读者通过连接词语，正确地了解到作者所陈述的manyadvantages的具体内容。作文常用句式和过渡连接词•Aproverbsays…Itiseasytoseethat…•Astheproverbsays…Thepiegraphshows…•Somepeoplesaythat…•Noonecandenythat…•Manypeoplebelievethat…•Asweallknowthat…•Itisquiteclearthat…•Variousviewsexistasto…,but…•Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentionto…扩展段的过渡性词语或常用句式Clearly,However,Obviously,Similarly,Moreover,Likewise,Inadditionto…,Meanwhile,Incontrastto,Inprinciple,First,second,Third,FinallyLastbutnottheleast,Notonly…butalso…Foronething,…foranother,Ontheonehand,…Ontheotherhand,Itistruethat…but…Thereisnodoubtthat…终结段与扩展段之间的过渡词语•Personally,Tosumup,•Asforme,Tosummarize,•AsfarasIamconcerned,Toconclude,•Inmyopinion,Asaresult,•Tobefrank,Ithink…Forthis(very)reason,•Withrespectto…•Fromthispointofview,•Itfollowsthat…•Allinall,Insummary,•Inshort,Inaword,•Onthewhole,段落之间的转接承启词语•结论归纳过渡词•generally,speakinggenerally,asageneralrule,ingeneral,•inasense,onalargerscale,atalocallevel,•totaketheideafurther,•inaway,tosomeextent,inmyview,•practicallyspeaking,•intermsof,insomerespects,allinall,•inaword,onthewhole,•asfarasIamconcerned,etc表例证关系的过渡性词•forexample,forinstance,asanexample,•asanillustration,suchas,acaseinpointis,•toillustrate,inparticular,specifically,•say,next,namely,thatis,like,•take…asanexample,etc.让步过渡词•although,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,•itistrue…but,eventhough,but,•grantedthat,yet,attheveryworst,•admittedly,though,still•afterall,ofcourse,clearly,andstill,etc.常用表因果关系的过渡词语•because,as,since,for,owingto,•becauseof,dueto,onaccountof,•asaresultof,forthereason,resultfrom,•thus,so,hence,therefore,accordingly,•consequently,forthisreason,onthataccount,•asaconsequence,itfollowsthat…,•resultin,co