英语句子成分详解

语法复习----句子成分Sentencecomponents五种基本句型概述(1)Wehavebeensingingfortwohours.(主＋谓)(2)Labourcreatedman.(主＋谓＋宾)(3)Thisplansoundsperfect.(主＋系＋表)(4)Ipaidtherepairmanfiftydollars.(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)(5)Wefoundthismaterialsatisfactory.(主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)句子成分划分方法：1.主语：一般由名词、代词充当2.谓语：一般由动词、形容词充当3.宾语：一般由名词、代词充当4.定语：用在主语、宾语前面，起限定作用5.状语：用在谓语前面，起修饰作用6.补语：用在谓语后面，起补充作用（前）（中）（后）位置一、主语主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词）（代词）（数词）（不定式）（动名词）（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（主语从句）（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（二）谓语谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.（二）谓语2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。（三）表语表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达“结果是;证明是”，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.（四）宾语宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词）（代词、动名词）（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（名词化形容词，名词）（不定式短语）（动名词短语）（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（五）宾语补足语宾语补足语（ObjectComplement），用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimTom.2.Theypaintedthewallwhite.3.Letthedogout.4.Weinviteyoutobringyourfamilyandfriendsonthatspecialday.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythingintheroomingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（名词）（形容词）（副词）（不定式短语）（现在分词）（介词短语）（从句）（六）定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Englandisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.TherearetenmenEnglishteachersinourschool.（名词）（形容词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthelasttoleavetheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.Heisreadinganarticleabouthowtoloseweight.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)9.Whichofthefollowingsentenceshasanattributiveclause?A.MichaelhasnoideawhataremarkablewomanSusanis.B.Youshouldbringittohisattentionthatyou’retooilltowork.C.Itwasaquestionwhetherheshouldgetmarriedornot.D.Weneedtodeviseasystemwherebypeoplecanliaisewitheachother.（七）状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语（Adverbial）。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（副词及副词性词组）（介词短语）（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.5.Waitaminute.6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（分词短语）（名词）（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（时间状语）（原因状语）（条件状语）（地点状语）（方式状语）6.Shecameinwithaflowerinherhand.7.Inordertocatchthefirstbus,Imustgetupearly.8.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn’tfallasleep.9.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisnotclever.10.Iamtallerthanheis.（伴随状语）（目的状语）（结果状语）（让步状语）（比较状语）10.Whichofthefollowingprepositionphrasescanfunctionasanadverbial?A.Despitetherain,everyoneenjoyedthetrip.B.Themanwithabeardistalkingtothemanager.C.Everyprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.D.AreyousureofSimon’sdisappearance?（八）同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmast