1英语中的否定一、否定概念1.否定的基本特征:含有否定词(语)。例如:⑴not,never,seldom,hardly,nor,⑵no,few,,neither,⑶none,nothing,nobody,⑷without,but,except含有否定词缀的词,也是一种否定意义的表达手段。但不属于否定结构或否定句。2.否定范围否定范围指否定意义在句中涉及的范围。一般讲,从否定词开始到句末,或到表示停顿的标点为止。在口语中,句末用升调,表示修饰形状语在否定范围之内,反之则在范围之外。下列句子的划线部分是否定范围:(1)Ididn’tseeJackinthecinemayesterday.(2)Noneofthempassedtheexam.(3)Ididn’tgotherebecauseIwasafraidofhim.(4)Ididn’tgothere,becauseIwasafraidofhim.(我没去那儿,因为我怕他。)句(3)在书面语中意义不明确:可能是“我没去那儿,因为我怕他”;也可能是“我去那儿并不是因为怕他”。所以最好避免,或改写成句(4)和句(5)两个意思不同但明确的句子。(5)IdidgotherenotbecauseIwasafraidofhim.3.否定转移从结构上看,not通常用于否定动词。但实际意义上讲,not真正要否定的焦点可能是否定范围中的其他成分。这种情况称为否定转移。例如:(6)Shutup.Ididn’tcometolistentoyourstupidexcuse.=(7)Icameherenottolistentoyourexcuse.(8)Idon’tthinkitwillraintomorrow.=(9)Ithinkitwillnotraintomorrow.(10)Idonotgotoschoolbybikeeveryday.=(11)Igotoschoolbybikeattimes,butnoteveryday.二、常见的否定手法1.全句否定和局部否定(也称“一般否定和特指否定”)1.1全句否定(generalnegation):结构上not,never否定谓语或no否定名词。(12)Theyarenotinterestedinthesesubject.(13)Youcan’ttakethesebooksoutofthereading-room.(14)Thereisnotimetobelost.1.2局部否定(specialnegation):not置于某个特定对象之前。(15)Youmustalwaysremembernottobecomeconceited.2(16)Themoongivesnolightofitsown.局部否定用得很少,通常采用全句否定形式。但可以通过否定转移来达到局部否定的目的。例如,句(17)比句(18)更自然:(17)Iwon’tstayhereforlong.:(18)Iwillstayherebutnotforlong.但有时用全句否定会产生歧义:(19)Itdidn’trainallthemonth.句末用升调,表示否定转移至状语:是下雨了,但没有整整下一个月。句末用降调时,not否定rain:整整一个月没下雨。如果将状语置于句首,原句改为Allthemonthitdidn’train,则allthemonth处于否定范围之外,not只能否定rain,意思也就明确了。采用局部否定也可避免类似的歧义。例如:(20)Itrainednotallthemonthbutforpartofthemonth.有时全句否定和局部否定意义全然不同:(21)Hedidn’ttrytomentionittoTom.他不想对Tom提起这件事情。(22)HetriednottomentionittoTom.他尽量不对Tom提这件事。△否定的前缀、后缀也是一种局部否定,但从结构上讲,不属于否定句结构。因此,在含有这类词的句子后,附加疑问句中用否定。如:Itisunimportant,isn’tit?2.全体否定和部分否定2.1全体否定(absolutenegation)含有no,none以及neither,never等否定词,或every,all与带有否定词缀的词连用时,均为全体否定:(23)Noonecandoit.(24)Neitherofthesistersisgood-looking.(25)Allthesestarsareinvisibletonakedeyes.(26)Everyplanhehasmadeinimpossibletocarryout.(27)Ilookedeverywhereforthecellphone,butitcouldbefoundnowhere.2.2部分否定(partialnegation)not与下列词语连用时,具有部分否定意义:both,all,every,every-,always,entirely,wholly等。例如:(28)Idon’twhollyagreewithyou._(29)Allthatglittersisnotgold.(30)Bothofhisparentsareathome.(31)Noteverythinghesaysisright.但这些词语否定的前缀连用时,意为全部否定。如:(32)Allthisisunnecessary.3.双重否定和重复否定3.1双重否定(doublenegation)双重否定时止,同一结构中用一个否定词否定另一个否定词(也包括否定前缀词)。两个否定词互相抵消。双重否定通常强调一个肯定的意思。3(33)Hedoesn’tlendhisbookstonobody.(34)Idid’tdoitfornoreason.(35)Wearenotunpreparedfortheoutcomeoftheconference.(36)Henevercamewithoutaskingformoney.(37)Icannotbutadmirehiscourage.(38)Theycouldn’thelplaughingatthejoke.3.2重复否定(repeatednegation)重复否定是指用两个(以上)的否定词连续否定一个意思,所以就加强了否定的意义。其一般形式是:否定的谓语+否定的宾语;否定的主语+否定的谓语:(39)Idon’tknownothingaboutthematter.(=Idon’tknowanythingaboutit.)(40)Wewon’tlosenothingbyit.(=Wewon’tloseanything)(41)Nobodyhardlytooknoticeofhim.(=Nobodytooknoticeofhim)重复否定在早期英语里很普遍,因为词的重复是正常的修辞手段。在现代英语里,不是标准语言。但在口语中仍不少。尤其是教育程度不高的人群中。4.延续否定(resumptivenegation)△用not…not/neither/nor(42)I’llnotdosuchathing,notI.(同一主语)(43)Youcannotdoit,norcanI,norcananyoneelse.(不同主语)(44)ButOliverdidnotcomethatday;northenextday,;northenextafterthat;norformany,manydaysafter.(连续否定多个状语)(45)Itwasnotsurprise,nordisappointment,noranger,notanyoftheexpressionsthatDellahadbeenpreparedfor.△用tosaynothingof,nottomention,nottospeakof,letalone,stillless,muchless+名词(后三个短语也可接动词),表示“(连…都不…,)更别说…了。”(46)Hedoesn’tlikemusic,stilllessdancing.(47)HedoesnotspeakEnglishwell,tosaynothingofGermanorFrench.(48)Shecan'taffordtobuyabicycle,letaloneacar.(CIDE)(49)Areyougettinganewcarthisyear?Youmustbejoking!Ican'taffordtopaymybills,letalonebuyanewcar!(CIDE)(50)AttheageoffourteenIhadneverevenbeenonatrain,much/stilllessanaircraft.5.半否定(semi-negation)用hardly,seldom,rarely,scarcely,few,little,almostnot/no;(51)HeseldomwentoutonSundays.(52)Itishardlypossible,isit?(53)Fewbelievedit,didthey?(54)Heisinterestedinalmostnothingexceptcomputergames.6.排除否定(excludednegation)用all…but,every…but,anythingbut等。(55)AllthepeopleatthemeetingagreedbutJack.4(56)I‘dliketodoeverythingexcepthousework.(57)Heisanythingbutagoodteacher.在否定句中用but/except则成了肯定的意思:NobodyexceptBillcandoit.7.强势否定(emphaticnegation)强势否定实际上就是加强否定的语气。7.1使用副词:certainly,simply,just,absolutely等用于否定结构之前。Youjustdon'tlisten,doyou?Itoldyouyou'dburnyourselfifyoutouchedthatpan,didn'tI?Noonewantstobuythesetoys-wejustcan'tsellthem.Lookhere,my(dear)boy,thissimplywon'tdo.Itisabsolutelyimpossibletofinishtheworkwithinaweek.7.2使用介词短语:innoway,bynomeans,atnotime等。ItisbynomeanscertainthatwewillbeabletomovetoournewofficeinJune.IwouldliketopointoutthatIaminnowayconnectedwiththem.AtnotimeandundernocircumstancewillChinabethefirsttousenuclearweapons.7.3在not后使用single,atall,abit,intheleast,theslightest等表示“微量”的词语。Hedidn’thaveasinglewordaboutit.Iamnotintheleasttired.IfanaccidenthappenstohimIwillnotsurprisedatall.7.4用thelast表示“最不…”。Heisthelastpersontodosuchathing.他是最不可能做这种事情的人。HouseworkisthelastthingthatIwanttodo.BillwasthelastpersonthatKatewantedtosee.三、否定结构中的用词问题1.非肯定词英语中有些词义相近的词语,有的只用于肯定结构,称为“肯定词(assertivewords)”;有些只用于