UK-Law-and-Economy

HELLOEVERYONE!Unit5and6-JudiciaryandEconomyToday...•Wewilltalkaboutunit5,thelegalorlawsystemsintheUK.•Wewilltalkaboutunit6,theeconomyoftheUK.•Wewilltalkaboutthehomeworkquestionsfromunits5and6.•Givemeyourhomework.•Iwillhandbackyourhomeworkfromlastweek.Thescoreis__/100.Unit5Vocabulary•CommonLaw•习惯法comefromcourtdecisions•CivilLaw•民法lawsforprivatematters•EuropeanUnion•欧洲联盟•Court•法院•Case(Courtcase)•法庭判例•Magistrate•治安官averylowlevel“judge”•Judge•法官1persondecidescourtcases•Jury•陪审团groupdecidescourtcases•Convictions•定罪ajudgefindsyouguilty•Sentences•法庭判决whatthejudgesaysyoumustdoforyourcrime.•CourtofAppeals•上诉法院ifyoudisagreewithajudgeyoucanappealandtakeyourcasetoahighercourt.TheRuleofLaw•OneofthemainideasoftheconstitutionistheRULEOFLAW...whatdoesthismean•Everyonemustfollowthesamelawsbutalso...••Allpersonsareequalbeforethelaw.••Lawandordermustbemaintainedthroughtheofficialsandinstitutionsofthestate.••Legalredressisprovidedforcitizenswhentheyfeeltheyhaveexperiencedinjustice.••Thelawandlegalprocessesandpersonnelshouldbeindependentfrompoliticalinterference.StatueofJusticeSourcesoftheLaw•ThelawoftheUnitedKingdomconsistsofseveralindependentlegalsystems,whichusecommonlawprinciples,civillawprinciples,orboth.EnglandandWalesaswellasNorthernIrelandusethecommonlawsystem,whileScotlandusesbothandcombinesideasfromthecommonlawandthecivillawsystem.TheMagnaCartaisoneofmanydocumentsyoucanfindthelawsofthecountry.•Sothereareessentially3legalsystemsintheUK.•EnglandandWales•Scotland•NorthernIrelandMagnaCartaEnglandandWalesSourcesofLaw•MainSourcesofLawHere:•StatuteLaw(thehighestauthority,lawsthathavebeenwrittenintotheconstitutionfromthebeginning,forexampletheMagnaCartaandtherighttohaveaParliament)•CommonLaw(lawsthathavebeencreatedasaresultofacourtdecisionorpastevent)•EU/EuropeanUnionLaw(lawsthatmostapplytosocialandeconomicissuessincetheUKisapartoftheEUsince1973...EUlawsholdhigherauthoritythantheUK’slaws)ScotlandSourcesofLaw•ThemainsourcesoflawinScotlandare...•ThecommonlawofScotland(theyusetheirownScottishcourtdecisionstocreatecommonlawsthatmaybedifferentfromEngland,Wales,andNorthernIreland)•LegislationenactedbytheUKorScottishParliament•EUlaw.NorthernIrelandSourcesofLaw•UKstatutes•TheNorthernIrelandAssemblyhashadlegislativeandexecutiveauthoritysince2000andcanmakelawsinNorthernIreland.TheCourtSystem•EnglandandWaleshaveonecourtsystem,themainoneinthecountry.ScotlandandNorthernIrelandalsohavetheirownsystems.Thecourtsystemisdividedintocriminalandcivilcourts.EnglandandWalesCourtSystem•Smalloffensesareheardinlocalcourtseitherbyapaneloflaymagistrates(calledJusticesofthePeace,orJPs)assistedbyalegallytrainedclerk.•Moreseriousoffensesarepassedonbythemagistrates’courtstothe“CrownCourt”tobeheard,usuallybyajudgeandjuryofcitizensrandomlypicked.•ConvictionsandsentencesfromtheCrownCourtmaybetakentotheCourtofAppealsfortheCriminalDivision.•ThefinalcourtofappealsistheSupremeCourt.•Civilcasesareheardincountycourtsbeforeasinglejudge.•AbovethecountycourtsistheHighCourt,whichhearsmorecomplicatedcivilcases.•AppealsareheardbytheCourtofAppealsfortheCivilDivision•ThefinalcourtofappealsistheSupremeCourt.CriminalCourtCivilCourtScotlandCourtSystem•Criminalcasesaretriedindistrict(county)courts,sheriffcourtsandtheHighCourtofJusticiary.•TheHighCourtofJusticiaryisthesupremecriminalcourtofScotland.•ThemaincivilcourtsarethesheriffcourtsandtheCourtofSession.NorthernIrelandCourtSystem•ThelegalsystemofNorthernIrelandisinmanyrespectssimilartothatofEnglandandWales.•Ithasitsowncourtsystem:thesuperiorcourtsaretheCourtofAppeal,theHighCourtandtheCrownCourt,whichtogethercomprisetheCourtofJudicatureofNorthernIreland.MainIdeasofBritishLaw•TheUnitedKingdomhasalongjudicialhistory.ItslegalsystemhasbeenemulatedthroughouttheworldandmanyofitskeyprinciplesandrightsarepartofUSlawaswell.•ThemainideasofBritishlawinclude:•therighttotrialbyajury;•therighttodueprocessoflaw;•freedomfromunlawfulimprisonment;•thetrialsystemofprosecutionanddefense;•apersonisinnocentuntilprovenguilty.AJury•InEnglandandWales,minorcriminalcasesareheardwithoutajury,moreseriousoffensesmaybetriedbymagistratesortheyoucanchoosetohaveatrialbyjury.•Themostseriouscriminaloffenses,however,mustbetriedbeforeajuryintheCrownCourt.•Juriessitinveryfewcivilcases.•Alljuriesconsistof12peoplebetween18–70yearsofage,selectedatrandomfromthelistofcitizenswhocanvote.•Forajurytoreachadecisiontheyhadneededaunanimousvoteinthepast.However,thishasbeenchangedsothat,ifthejuryfailstoagreeafteragivenperiod,thejudgecansaytheymayreachaverdictbya10–2vote.PeopleWhoWorkintheLegalSystem•Lawyers•Judges•ThePoliceLawyers•ThelegalprofessioninBritainismainlydividedintotwotypesoflawyers:solicitorsandbarristers.•Solicitorsperformtheeverydayworkofthelaw,particularlylegalmattersthatcanbehandledsolelywithpaperwork.•Barristers,alsocalledadvocatesinScotland,arelawyerswhohaverighttoarguecasesincourt.•Theyhavetwofunctions:togivespecializedlegaladviceandtoactasadvocatesinthecourts.Whenthegeneralpublicneedtogotocourt,theymustapproachabarristerthroughasolicitor.Tobecomeabarrister,o