查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap006-The-Political-Economy-of-Int

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2020-08-08

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InternationalBusiness7ebyCharlesW.L.HillMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Chapter6ThePoliticalEconomyofInternationalTradeIntroductionFreetradeoccurswhengovernmentsdonotattempttorestrictwhatitscitizenscanbuyfromanothercountryorwhattheycanselltoanothercountryWhilemanynationsarenominallycommittedtofreetrade,theytendtointerveneininternationaltradetoprotecttheinterestsofpoliticallyimportantgroups6.1InstrumentsOfTradePolicyThemaininstrumentsoftradepolicyare:TariffsSubsidesImportQuotasVoluntaryExportRestraintsLocalContentRequirementsAdministrativePolicesAntidumpingPolicies6.1.1TariffsTariffsaretaxesleviedonimportsthateffectivelyraisethecostofimportedproductsrelativetodomesticproductsSpecifictariffsareleviedasafixedchargeforeachunitofagoodimportedAdvaloremtariffsareleviedasaproportionofthevalueoftheimportedgoodTariffsincreasegovernmentrevenues,provideprotectiontodomesticproducersagainstforeigncompetitorsbyincreasingthecostofimportedforeigngoods,andforceconsumerstopaymoreforcertainimportsSo,tariffsareunambiguouslypro-producerandanti-consumer,andtariffsreducetheoverallefficiencyoftheworldeconomy6.1.2SubsidiesSubsidiesaregovernmentpaymentstodomesticproducersConsumerstypicallyabsorbthecostsofsubsidiesSubsidieshelpdomesticproducersintwoways:theyhelpthemcompeteagainstlow-costforeignimportstheyhelpthemgainexportmarketsClassroomPerformanceSystemWhentariffsareleviedasafixedchargeforeachunitofagoodimported,theyarecalleda)Specifictariffsb)Advaloremtariffsc)Tariffratequotasd)Transittariffs6.1.3ImportQuotasAndVoluntaryExportRestraintsImportquotasdirectlyrestrictthequantityofsomegoodthatmaybeimportedintoacountryTariffratequotasareahybridofaquotaandatariffwherealowertariffisappliedtoimportswithinthequotathantothoseoverthequotaVoluntaryexportrestraintsarequotasontradeimposedbytheexportingcountry,typicallyattherequestoftheimportingcountry’sgovernmentAquotarentistheextraprofitthatproducersmakewhensupplyisartificiallylimitedbyanimportquotaImportquotasandvoluntaryexportrestraintsbenefitdomesticproducersbylimitingimportcompetition,buttheyraisethepricesofimportedgoods6.1.4LocalContentRequirementsAlocalcontentrequirementdemandsthatsomespecificfractionofagoodbeproduceddomesticallyLocalcontentrequirementsbenefitdomesticproducers,butconsumersfacehigherpricesClassroomPerformanceSystemA________demandsthatsomespecificfractionofagoodbeproduceddomesticallya)subsidyb)quotarentc)voluntaryexportrequirementd)localcontentrequirement6.1.5AdministrativePoliciesAdministrativetradepolicesarebureaucraticrulesthataredesignedtomakeitdifficultforimportstoenteracountryThesepoliceshurtconsumersbydenyingaccesstopossiblysuperiorforeignproducts6.1.6AntidumpingPoliciesDumpingreferstosellinggoodsinaforeignmarketbelowtheircostsofproduction,orsellinggoodsinaforeignmarketbelowtheir“fair”marketvalueDumpingenablesfirmstounloadexcessproductioninforeignmarketsSomedumpingmaybepredatorybehavior,withproducersusingsubstantialprofitsfromtheirhomemarketstosubsidizepricesinaforeignmarketwithaviewtodrivingindigenouscompetitorsoutofthatmarket,andlaterraisingpricesandearningsubstantialprofitsAntidumpingpolices(orcountervailingduties)aredesignedtopunishforeignfirmsthatengageindumpingandprotectdomesticproducersfrom“unfair”foreigncompetition6.2TheCaseForGovernmentInterventionArgumentsforgovernmentintervention:Politicalargumentsareconcernedwithprotectingtheinterestsofcertaingroupswithinanation(normallyproducers),oftenattheexpenseofothergroups(normallyconsumers)Economicargumentsaretypicallyconcernedwithboostingtheoverallwealthofanation(tothebenefitofall,bothproducersandconsumers)6.2.1PoliticalArgumentsForFreeTradePoliticalargumentsforgovernmentinterventioninclude:protectingjobsprotectingindustriesdeemedimportantfornationalsecurityretaliatingtounfairforeigncompetitionprotectingconsumersfrom“dangerous”productsfurtheringthegoalsofforeignpolicyprotectingthehumanrightsofindividualsinexportingcountriesClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichofthefollowingisnotapoliticalargumentforgovernmentintervention?a)protectingjobsb)protectinginfantindustriesc)protectingindustriesdeemedimportantfornationalsecurityd)protectingconsumersfrom“dangerous”productsProtectingJobsAndIndustriesProtectingjobsandindustriesisthemostcommonpoliticalreasonfortraderestrictionsUsuallythisresultsfrompoliticalpressuresbyunionsorindustriesthatarethreatenedbymoreefficientforeignproducers,andhavemorepoliticalcloutthantheconsumersthatwilleventuallypaythecostsNationalSecurityIndustriessuchasaerospaceorelectronicsareoftenprotectedbecausetheyaredeemedimportantfornationalsecurityRetaliationWhengovernmentstake,orthreatentotake,specificactions,othercountriesmayremovetradebarriersIfthreatenedgovernmentsdon’tbackdown,tensionscanescalateandnewtradebarriersmaybeenactedProtectingConsumersGovernmentsmayinterveneinmarketstoprotectconsumersFurtheringPolicyObjectivesForeignpolicyobjectivescanbesupportedthroughtradepolicyPreferentialtradetermscanbegrantedtoco