国际商务-查尔斯W.L.希尔-第七版-原版官方PPTChap001

InternationalBusiness7ebyCharlesW.L.HillMcGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright©2009byTheMcGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Chapter1Globalization1-3WhatIsGlobalization?Theworldismovingawayfromself-containednationaleconomiestowardaninterdependent,integratedglobaleconomicsystemGlobalizationreferstotheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomyGlobalizationhastwofacets:1)theglobalizationofmarkets2)theglobalizationofproduction1-4TheGlobalizationOfMarketsTheglobalizationofmarketsreferstothemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplaceInmanyindustries,itisnolongermeaningfultotalkaboutthe“Germanmarket”orthe“Americanmarket”Instead,thereisonlytheglobalmarket1-5TheGlobalizationOfMarketsFallingtradebarriersmakeiteasiertosellinternationallyThetastesandpreferencesofconsumersareconvergingonsomeglobalnormFirmshelpcreatetheglobalmarketbyofferingthesamebasicproductsworldwide1-6ClassroomPerformanceSystemTheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomyisreferredtoasa)economicintegrationb)economicinterdependencyc)globalizationd)internationalization1-7TheGlobalizationOfProductionTheglobalizationofproductionreferstothesourcingofgoodsandservicesfromlocationsaroundtheglobetotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductionlikeland,labor,andcapitalCompaniescompetemoreeffectivelybyloweringtheiroverallcoststructureorimprovingthequalityorfunctionalityoftheirproductoffering1-8ClassroomPerformanceSystemThemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplaceisknownasa)globalmarketfacilitationb)cross-bordertradec)supranationalmarketintegrationd)theglobalizationofmarkets1-9ClassroomPerformanceSystemFirmsthatareinvolvedininternationalbusinesstendtobea)largeb)smallc)medium-sizedd)large,small,andmedium-sized1-10TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsInstitutionsareneededto:helpmanage,regulate,andpolicetheglobalmarketplacepromotetheestablishmentofmultinationaltreatiestogoverntheglobalbusinesssystem1-11TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsInstitutionscreatedoverthepasthalfcenturyinclude:theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)theWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)theWorldBanktheUnitedNations(UN)1-12TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheWorldTradeOrganization(likeitspredecessorGATT)isprimarilyresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystemandmakingsurethatnation-statesadheretotheruleslaiddownintradetreatiessignedbyWTOmembersIn2007,the150nationsthataccountedfor97%ofworldtradewereWTOmembersTheWTOpromoteslowerbarrierstotradeandinvestment1-13TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBankwerecreatedin1944TheIMFwasestablishedtomaintainorderintheinternationalmonetarysystemTheWorldBankwasestablishedtopromoteeconomicdevelopment1-14TheEmergenceOfGlobalInstitutionsTheUnitedNationswasestablishedin1945to:maintaininternationalpeaceandsecuritydevelopfriendlyrelationsamongnationscooperateinsolvinginternationalproblemsandinpromotingrespectforhumanrightsbeacenterforharmonizingtheactionsofnations1-15ClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichisnotafactorofproduction?a)tradeb)landc)capitald)energy1-16DriversOfGlobalizationTwomacrofactorsunderliethetrendtowardgreaterglobalization:thedeclineinbarrierstothefreeflowofgoods,services,andcapitalthathasoccurredsincetheendofWorldWarIItechnologicalchange1-17DecliningTradeAndInvestmentBarriersInternationaltradeoccurswhenafirmexportsgoodsorservicestoconsumersinanothercountryForeigndirectinvestment(FDI)occurswhenafirminvestsresourcesinbusinessactivitiesoutsideitshomecountryAfterWorldWarII,advancedcountriesmadeacommitmenttolowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentSince1950,averagetariffshavefallensignificantlyandarenowatabout4%CountrieshavealsobeenopeningmarketstoFDI1-18ClassroomPerformanceSystemThesourcingofgoodandservicesfromaroundtheworldtotakeadvantageofnationaldifferencesinthecostandqualityoffactorsofproductioniscalleda)economiesofscaleb)theglobalizationofproductionc)globalintegrationd)globalsourcing1-19DecliningTradeAndInvestmentBarriersTable1.1:AverageTariffRatesonManufacturedProductsasPercentofValue1-20DecliningTradeAndInvestmentBarriersLowerbarrierstotradeandinvestmentmean:thatfirmscanviewtheworld,ratherthanasinglecountry,astheirmarketthatfirmscanbaseproductionintheoptimallocationforthatactivity1-21ClassroomPerformanceSystemWhichorganizationisresponsibleforpolicingtheworldtradingsystem?a)theInternationalMonetaryFundb)theUnitedNationsc)theWorldTradeOrganizationd)theWorldBank1-22TheRoleOfTechnologicalChangeTechnologicalchangehasmadetheglobalizationofmarketsarealityImportantadvanceshaveoccurredin:microprocessorsandtelecommunicationstheInternetandWorldWideWebtransportationtechnology1-23TheRoleOfTechnologicalChangeImplicationsoftechnologicalchangefortheglobalizationofproductioninclude:lowertransportationcoststhatenablefirmstodisperseproductiontoeconomical,geographicallyseparatelocationslowerinformationprocessingandcommunicationcoststhatenablefirmstocreateand