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独立主格结构和with/without复合结构一．独立主格结构1.概念:充当状语在句中可以表示时间、原因条件、方式或伴随情况等。2.结构:名词/代词+非谓语（doing&todo&done）形容词&副词介词短语。形容词&副词&介词短语&状语从句非谓语动词逻辑主语Takingyourageintoconsideration,You’dbetternotgohiking.Youragetakenintoconsideration,you’dbetternotgohiking.(逻主you)(逻主yourage)（逻辑主语与整句的主语相同）(Ⅰ)名词/代词+分词(过去分词done&现在分词doing)当分词作状语时,其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,分词应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词的独立结构。一般位于句首,也可放在句尾;作伴随状语时,常放在句首。1.________________,theyleftthemeeting–room.（问题解决了）（settle）2.____________,we'llgothereonfoot.(时间允许的话)(permit)(cross)3.Hewaslyingonthegrass,(他的手交叉在头下)__________________________ThisproblemsettledTimepermittinghishandscrossedunderhishead.l(Ⅱ)名词/代词+(being)形容词1._________________,hehadtostayhometolookafterher.(他妈妈生病了)2.Heenteredthehouse,(他的鼻子冻得通红)___________________（red）(Ⅲ)名词／代词＋（being)副词Heputonhissocks，_____________.（反的一面在外面）(out)Hismother(being)illhisnoseredwithcold.wrongsideout(Ⅳ)名词／代词＋不定式1.Isendyou100dollarstoday,therest__inayear.(2005湖南)A.followsB.followedC.tofollowD.beingfollowed.2.__________________________(最后一个人的到来)，ourpartystarted.（arrive）Thelastguesttoarrive（Ⅴ）名词／代词＋介词短语在这一结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，这些名词前习惯不用冠词。1.Ourteachercameintotheclassroom,____________.(手上一本书)2._______________thesoldierrushedtothetopofthemountain.(肩上一面旗帜）bookinhandFlagonshoulder(Ⅵ)有些独立主格结构中没有分词，仅在名词或代词之后直接跟作表语或状语的词或词组，省去的分词一般是being或havingbeen，这是为了简练。但在“being+过去分词”或“therebeing＋过去分词”结构中，being不可省。1.___________________,hewenttoschool.(早餐结束后)（over）2._________________________,wecan‘tgothere.(房间正在被油漆)Breakfast(being)overTheroombeingpaintednow二．With和without复合结构with和without复合结构是:with/without＋名词／代词＋分词／不定式／形容词／副词／介词短语。在句子中可以作状语或定语。（Ⅰ）with/without＋名词／代词＋现在分词。用现在分词表示主动、正在进行或发生的动作。Icouldn`tfinishmyworkwiththosechildren__.A.playingaroundB.playsaroundC.playedaroundD.toplayaround(Ⅱ)with/without名词／代词+过去分词。用过去分词表示被动或已完成的动作。Intheread-room,wefoundherseatedatadesk,withherattention__onabook.A.fixingB.fixesC.fixedD.tofix(Ⅲ)with/without＋名词／代词＋不定式。用不定式表示将要发生的动作。Withalotofdifficultproblems__,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.A.settledB.settlingC.tosettleD.beingsettled(Ⅳ)with/without＋名词／代词＋形容词。Shesleepswiththewindowopen.(Ⅴ)with/without+名词／代词＋副词。__productionupby60%,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear.A.AsB.ForC.WithD.Through(Ⅵ)with/without+名词／代词＋介词短语。1.Hesleepswithabookinhishand.2.Agirlwithanecklacearoundherneckgotonthebus.三．with和without复合结构与独立主格结构的转化（Ⅰ）with和without复合结构与独立主格结构在句中作状语时，一般可相互转换；此外还可变为状语从句或并列句。（１）作时间状语Withwintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Wintercomingon,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.=Whenwintercomeson,thetreesturnyellowandsomebirdsflysouth.（２）作原因状语Withthekeylost,shecouldnotentertheroom.=Thekeylost,shecouldnotentertheroom.=As/Becausethekeyhadbeenlost,shecouldnotentertheroom.(3)作条件状语Withtimepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.=Timepermitting,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.=Iftimepermits,we`llvisittheSummerPalace.(4)作伴随状语Herearethefirstthreevolumeswiththefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.=Herearethefirstthreevolumes,thefourthonetocomeoutnextmonth.=Herearethefirstthreevolumesandthefourthoneiscomingoutnextmonth.(Ⅱ)with和without复合结构可以作后置定语修饰名词，而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。Soonshearrivedataparkwithgrassgreenandflowersinblossom.=Soonshearrivedataparkwhosegrasswasgreenandwhoseflowerswereinblossom.1.__tenminutes__beforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedatthestation.A.Therewere;togoB.With;togoC.Iwas;leftD.Ithad;left2.Theladysaidshewouldbuyagiftforherdaughterwiththe__.A.20dollarsremainedB.20dollarstoremainC.remained20dollarsD.remaining20dollars3.__thelightsoff,wecouldnotgoonwiththework.A.UntilB.AsC.WithD.Because巩固练习4.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied__hisworkunfinished.A.forB.withC.fromD.of5.Theweather__sobad,wehadtoputoffthefootballmatch.A.wasB.isC.wereD.being6.__,therunnersracedontothefinishingline.A.StickinhandB.WithastickinhishandC.SticksinhandD.Sticksinhands7.Theboylayontheground,hiseyes__andhishands__.A.beingclosed;tremblingB.closed;tremblingC.closed;trembledD.closing;trembled8.__,theworkcanbedonemuchbetter.A.GivenmoretimeB.WehadbeengivenmoretimeC.MoretimegivenD.Ifmoretimehadgiven9.Weather__,thesportsmeetwillbeheldasscheduled.A.permitsB.willpermitC.topermitD.permitting10.__arainyday,hedidn`tgooutforawalkasusual.A.ItwasB.ItisC.ItbeingD.HavingbeenWelldone!•非谓语动词是高中语法的重点，也是难点，咱们常常对此感到头疼。其实只要理解并掌握非谓语动词各种形式的特点，做起题来会很轻松。熟悉知道了非谓语动词形式后，做题时可分四步分析。•一、分析句子结构1.________manytimes,buthestillcouldn'tunderstandit.2.___manytimes,hestillcouldn'tunderstandit.•A.HavingbeentoldB.Told•C.HewastoldD.Thoughhetold3.________totheleft,you'llfindthepostoffice.4.Ifyou________totheleft,you'llfindthepostoffice.5.________totheleft,andyou'llfindthepostoffice.•A.TurningB.ToturnC.TurnD.TurnedCAACC•二、分析逻辑主语确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。1.________nobuses,wehavetowalkhome.•A.TherebeingB.Itwere•C.TherewereD.Itbeing2.______Sunday，Ishallhaveaquietdayathome.AD•三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。1.______fromspace,theearthlooksblue.2.______fromspace,wecanseetheearthisblue.•A.SeenB.SeeingC.ToseeD.See3.Thedirtyclothes______,thegirlhung