初中英语语法基础知识总结

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初中英语语法基础知识总结一、名词1.可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下:以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es(除stomach)。以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的,如:beliefs,proofs。变f或fe为-ves的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieves.wolves,shelves,。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。以o结尾直接加-s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos,photos,autos,radios。加-es,如:Negroes,heroes,potatoes。复数不规则的名词,如:man—men,woman—women,foot—feet,goose—geese,ox—oxen,child—children,tooth—teeth等。单复数形式一样的名词,如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,means,works等。2.不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。3.名词的所有格(1)“’s”所有格。一般名词后加“’s”。如:Tom’sbrother’sbag。以-s或-es结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“’”。如:theworkers’organization。以-s结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音[Z]结尾,一般可在名词右上方加“’”,也可加“’s”。如:Dickens’/Dickens’scup。如果一样东西为两个人共有,则只有后一个名词加“’s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“’s”。如:TomandMary’sroom(共有);Mary’sandTom’scups(不共有)。(2)表示无生命东西的名词,通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系,总的来讲of所有格是’s所有格的一种替换形式。如:theclass—roomoftheschool。(3)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加“’s”来构成所有格。如:today’snewspaper。一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式:1.pencil-box___________2.wife_______3.Sunday________4.city______5.dress_______6.Englishman________7.match_______8.Chinese________9.zoo________10.exam________11.German__________12.Ihavealotof________(作业)todoeveryday.13.His_______(裤子)arenew,butmineareold.14.Itisthebestoneofthe_________(照片)inmyfamily.15.Aretheybuildingany_______(图书馆)inthecity16.Canyoucutthisbigpearintotwo_______(半)17.Attheendof_______(八月),youmustgetreadyforthenewschoolyear.二、提高型来源:1stis____Dayallovertheworld.A.Child’sB.Childs’C.Children’sD.Childrens’10this___DayinChina,isn’titA.Teacher’sB.Teachers’C.TeacherD.Teacherof_____ismadeof_____.A.Glass;glassB.Aglass;glassC.Glasses;glassesD.Aglass;glassesis_______news.A.suchagoodB.averygoodC.sogoodaD.suchgood______itis!Let’sgoswimming.A.afineweatherB.finedayC.afinedayD.badweatherlikeChinese_____.A.foodandpeoplesB.foodsandpeopleC.foodsandpeopleD.foodandpeopleandIgotoschool_____everyday.A.onfeetB.onfootC.byfootsD.bybuses17.Whatareyoulisteningto,Jane____or____A.amusic;anewsB.music;newsC.music;newsD.music;anewsmany____and____arethereinyourclassA.boystudent;girlonesB.girlsstudents;boysonesC.boysstudent;girloneD.girlstudents;boyones9..Agroupof____aretalkingwithtwo___overthere.A.Frenchmen;GermansB.Frenchmen;GermenC.German;FrenchmenD.Germans;Frenchmans10..Thatbusdriverdranktwo_____.A.glassofwaterB.glassesofwatersC.cupsofteaD.cupoftea11..Mrs.Smithisanoldfriendof_______.A.Bob’smotherB.Bob’smother’sC.motherofBobD.Bobmother’s12..Thetallmanwithabignoseis_______teacher.A.TomandCarlB.Tom’sandCarl’sC.TomandCarl’safew_____cametovisitsome______inShantou.A.German;placesofinterestB.Germans;placesofinterestsC.Germans;placesofinterestD.Germen;placesofinterestautumncomes,______ofmosttreesturnyellowandthenfalldown.A.leafB.leafsC.leaveD.leaves二、冠词1.不定冠词a,an表示one或every。如:Youhaveamouth。表示某一类人、事或物,相当于any。如:Aspadeisatool。用于某些固定词组中。如:abit,alotof。泛指某人或某物。如:Aboyiswaitingforher。用在rather,many,what等词之后。如:Youareratherafool。注意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面若加不定冠词,要用“an”。2.定冠词the表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如:Iamveryinterestedinthebook。表示独一无二的人或事物。如:theworld,thesun,themoon,theearth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如:theyoung,thesecondstory,thelargestroom。用在以-ese,-ch,-sh等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如:theChangjiangRiver,theGreatLake。用在方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如:inthewest,ontheright。用在形容词前表示一类人。如:theyoung,thedead。在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如:TheGreensaresittingatthebreakfasttable。用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物。如:Thehorseisause-fulanimal。在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如:gotothecinema。3.不加冠词(1)一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不加冠词。如:America,China,ShanghaiRailwayStation。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the。如:Themilkinthebottlehasgonebad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词,指概念的“一种”、“一类”、“一次”等时,用不定冠词。如:Afteraswim,hehadarest。(2)可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:Thisbookismine。(3)季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。如:Summeristhewarmestseasonoftheyear。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词。如:JackjoinedtheArmyinthespringof2002。(4)表示语言学科名称、球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如:HeisstudyingFrenchinParis。但是在theChineselanguage,theEnglishlan-guage等中要用定冠词。(5)在以“普通名词或形容词最高级+as”开始的让步状语从句中,前面不加冠词。如:Shortestasheis。用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“×”1.Tomorrowis______Teachers'Dayandwe'llmake______cardforourEnglishteacher.2.Thebusisrunningaboutseventymiles_____hour.3.Maryisinterestedin______science.4.Somepeopledon'tliketotalkat______table.5.LastnightIwentto______bedverylate.6.Don'tworry.Westillhave______littletimeleft.7.What______beautifulday!Andwhat______fineweather!8.In______winteritiscoldin______Beijingandwarmin________Shanghai.9.Johnis______cleverestboyinhisclass.10.Wecan'tlivewithout______wateror______air.11.TomorrowMr.SmithwillleaveParis,______capitalof______France,forWashingtonby______air.12.Wewerehaving______lunchwhentheycamein.13.Thisis______bookyougavemelastweek.14.Whatdidyoudo______lastSaturday15.March8is______Women'sDay.16.If______weatherisfinetomorrow,wewillgotothepark.17.Ipreferplaying______pianotoplaying______basketball.18.At______ageoffive,hereadalotofbooks.19.TomandLucyareof______sameage.20.______harderwestudy,______morewelearn.三、数词1.基数词(1)21~99之间的二位数由十位数加个位数再加连字符构成。如24可写成twenty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