【小站教育】托福阅读语法讲义

托福阅读基础语法全汇总400-080-6358托福阅读理解的形式特点(1)文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2)文章长度:650-750词/篇(3)题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4)测试时间:20分钟/篇(5)测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1)主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2)细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪----TRUE?FALSE?NOTGIVEN?GeneralstatementideasSomedetails(3)词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4)推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5)态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6)结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1)获取有效信息(2)消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1)文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体(支撑):主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).细节主体(填充)(2)文章具体结构如下:Intro:background(细节)&topic(结构)Body:sub-topic(结构),analysis(细节)&evidence(细节)Conclusion:topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1)快速笔记的意义:辅助思维框架形成索引功能(2)快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记举例主体新概念和核心概念400-080-6358重要的逻辑关系(3)快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5)好笔记的特点:笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1)规范口语的逻辑(2)提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1)句子阅读中的障碍1)定语前置定语:adj+n后置定语:n+adjphrase形容词短语:abookusefulforyouprepphrase介词短语:apenonthedeskv-ing/-edphrase分词短语:apersonwalkingontheroad;atooldevelopedfortheproject不定式:awaytosolvetheproblem注:分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词不定代词只能用后置定语修饰不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方:sbusethewaytosolvetheproblem定语从句:关系代词引导定语从句:that,which,who,whom,whose(其中that,which,who,whom引导的是非完整句,whose引导的是完整句)关系连词:when,where,why在句子中不作成分,引导的是完整句介词+关系代词:inwhich,此关系代词不包括what2)同位语:同插入语一样处理----删除A,B(定语从句/同位语从句)A,orBAthat+句子(完整句)AofB:thecityofBeijing3)状语:处理方式----隔离Adv副词Prepphrase介词短语分词短语不定式注:非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4)并列结构400-080-6358并列连词的用法:并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5)that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句It+Vi+that+句子It+be+adj+that+句子完整句That+句子+VN+that+句子+同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)S+Vi+that+句子:Thesunrisesthatisbright.S+be+adj+that+句子:Thedeskiscleanthatisusedbythestudent(定语从句);ThefactistruethatTomishandsome(同位语从句).(2)复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1)括号匹配……关联词(完整句)……(关联词+非完整句)2)化右括号的条件:句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1:However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthat(atomandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneously)andthat(stimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker)例2:Itappearedthat〔Canadawasoncemorefallinginstepwiththetrendtowardsmallerfamilies(thathadoccurredallthroughtheWesternworldsincethetimeoftheIndustrialRevolution)〕.例3:Thehistoryofclinicalnutrition,orthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenhealthandhowthebodytakesinandutilizesfoodsubstances(同位语,删除),canbedividedintofourdistincteras:thefirstbeganinthenineteenthcenturyandextendedintotheearlytwentiethcentury(whenitwasrecognizedforthefirsttimethat(foodcontainedconstituents(thatwereessentialforhumanfunction))andthat(differentfoodsprovideddifferentamountsoftheseessentialagents).例4:Usingtechniquesfirstdevelopedfortheoffshoreoilandgasindustry,theDSDP‟sdrillship,theGlomarChallenger(同位语),wasabletomaintainasteadypositionontheocean‟ssurfaceanddrillinverydeepwater,extractingsamplesofsedimentsandrockfromtheoceanfloor.例5:ThedesperateplightoftheSouthhaseclipsedthefactthat(reconstructionhadtobeundertakenalsoinNorth,thoughlessspectacularly).例6:Thetechniqueofdirectcarvingwasabreakwiththenineteenthcenturyinwhich(themakingofaclaymodelwasconsideredthecreativeact)and(theworkwasthenturnedovertostudioassistanttobecastinplasterorbronzeor400-080-6358).例7:Anyone(whohashandleafossilizedbone)knowsthat(itisusuallynotexactlylikeitsmoderncounterpart),themostobviousdifferencebeingthat(itisoftenmuchheavier)独立主格结构.例8:Theimpressivegaininoutput〔stemmedprimarilyfromthewayinwhich(workersmadegoodssince1790‟s)〕,NorthAmericanenterpreneurs----evenwithoutthetechnologicalimprovement----hadbroadendedthescopeoftheoutworksystem(thatmademanufacturingmoreefficientbydistributingmaterialstosuccessionofworkers(whoeachperformedasinglestepoftheproductionprocess))例9:Thefactthat(artisanss,(whowerelockedonasmechanicsorskilledworkersintheeighteenthcentury),(arefrequentlyconsideredartiststoday)isdirectlyattibutabletotheArtsandCraftsMovementofthenineteenthcentury)例10:AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamBbyrdofVirginian,andtheAliensabdHamiltonsofPhiladelphia(同位语)introducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonists〔privilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists〕andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutions〔devotedtoitsencouragement〕.(2)倒装句的阅读方法1)部分倒装处理方法:把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2)完全倒装的处理方法构成主语的成分:名词代词The+形容词不定式主语从句动名词完全倒装的判断流程例1:Herein(adv)lay(宾语)thebeginningofwhatultimately(最终)turnedfromignorance(无知)todenialofthevalueofnutritiontherapiesinmedicine(主语).例2:Surroundingthecolumnarethreesepalsandthreepetals(主语),sometimeseasilyrecognizableassuch,oftendistortedintogorgeous,weird,butalwaysfunctionalshapes.例3:WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboom(thatfollowedit)独立主格,youngpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.没有倒装400-080-6358