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新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化1/16TraditionalChinesefestivalTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1stonlunarcalendarhasbeendesignatedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeothersignificantChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-seventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChina’scohesionandvitality.中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化2/16ChineseteacultureAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,oil,salt,soysauceandvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandthehumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,BuddhismandTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,andelevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618—1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。TraditionalChinesepaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdone新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化3/16withabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“ink-painting”.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoil-paintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepainting”(abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting”).ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbytheChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:finebrushworkandfree-handbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink”.Chinesepaintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsoftheartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.中国画中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“画”特指中国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化4/16ChinesewineandspiritscultureChinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolitenessandrespecttoothers.China’swineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyaspects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aestheticsandsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine”.UnderthecustomofhavingdinnertogetherinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likemorra(afinger-guessinggame),wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应对。新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化5/16ChinesegrottoesChinesegrottoesmainlyreflecttheartofBuddhistculture.InChina,therearefourmajorartlandscapesofgrottoes:theMogaoGrottoesatDunhuang,theYungangGrottoesatDatong,theLongmenGrottoesatLuoyang,andtheMaijishanGrottoesatTianshui.Carvedandpaintedonmountains,theBuddhistgrottoesminglebothsublimityandsecularfeelingstogether,presentingusavividandnaturalappearance.Theyembodythesystematiccombinationofboththeexceptionalartistryofgreatnatureandtheextremelyfinecraftsmanshipofmankind.TheChineseBuddhistgrottoesareregardedasaprofoundandstunninggeneralartgallery,whicharecomposedofarchitecture,painting,sculptures,etc.TheartisticachievementsofChinesegrottoeshaveattractedtheattentionoftheworld,andhavebecomeimportantinternationalculturalheritage.中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、大同云冈石窟、洛阳龙门石窟、天水麦积山石窟，号称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，将崇高美与世俗情融为一体，把天然造化与人工创造有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。新时代交互英语读写译3、4级中国文化6/16ChineseclassicalliteratureChineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fictionandci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(afreerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.Fou