英美文学名词解释

Epic:Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Thestyleofepicisgrand宏伟的andelevated高尚的.JohnMiltonwrotethreegreatepics:ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes.Sonnet(十四行诗Asonnetisalyricconsistingof14lines,usuallyiniambicpentameterrestrictedtoadefinitionrhymeschemeRenaissancetheactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevival复活ofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransition过渡fromthemedievaltothemodernworld.theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanismTheRenaissancePeriodAperiodofdramaandpoetry.TheElizabethandramaistherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.Humanism人文主义HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.2itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.lakepoets湖畔诗人refertoThethreeromanticpoetsWordsworth,ColeridgeandSoutheywholivedintheLakeDistrictintheEnglandandwrotepoemsaboutnature.EnglishRomanticism(浪漫主义):1)amovementinliterature,philosophy,musicandartfromlate18thcenturytoearly19thcenturyinEurope.2)emphasizedindividualvalues(个人价值）andaspirations（志向，抱负）abovethoseofsociety.4)thecharacteristicsofRomanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion/emotion,Individualism5)Representativewriters(代表作家）:Blake,shelley,Byron,WordsworthCriticalRealism(批判现实主义)1)TheCriticalRealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.2)Therealistsfirstandforemost最初的setthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineated描绘thecryingcontradictions矛盾ofbourgeois资产阶级的reality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.3)CharlsDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.Gothicnovel(哥特式小说):Gothicnovelisatypeofromanceverypopularlateinthe18thcenturyandatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.emphasizesthingswhicharegrotesque,violent,mysterious,supernatural,desolateandhorrifying.Withitsdescription描述ofthedark,irrational荒繆的sideofhumannature.AmericanRomanticism:1.fromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakofthecivilwar.Itstartedwiththepublication出版ofWashingtonIrving’sTheSketchBookandendedwithWhitman’sLeavesofGrass.2.Itwasarebellion反抗againsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitions直觉andemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense;3.emphasisonimagination,individualism.backtomedievalandnaturalTheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代）：IsatermusedtocharacterizeageneralfeelingofdisillusionmentofAmericanliterarynotables名人wholiveinEurope,mostnotably著名的ParisafterFirstWorldWar.FiguresidentifiedwiththeLostGenerationincludedliterarymodernistssuchasHemingway,F.Scott,PoundAmericaRealismAsaliterarymomentrealismcameinthelatterhalfofthe19century,asareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecommonplace,andforthefamiliarandthelowPuritanisminthe16thand17thcent.,amovementforreformintheChurchofEnglandthathadaprofound深远的influenceonthesocial,political,ethical道德的,andtheological神学的ideasofEnglandandAmericaNeo-classicism:Arevivalofclassicalstandardsoforder,harmony,balance,simplicity简单andrestrainedemotion克制情感inliteratureinthe18thcentury.Symbolism象征主义:Symbolismisthewritingtechniqueofusingsymbols.It’saliterarymovementthataroseinFranceinthelasthalfofthe19thcenturyandthatgreatlyinfluencedmanyEnglishwriters,particularlypoets,ofthe20thcentury.Itenablespoetstocompressaverycomplexideaintooneimageorevenoneword.It’soneofthemostpowerfuldevicesthatpoetsemployincreation.使用象征来写作的一种技巧。象征主义在19世纪后半页在法国兴起，对英国作家产生了很大的影响，尤其是在20世纪诗歌方面。它让诗人把非常复杂的思想浓缩成一个意象甚至一个词。它是诗人在创作中使用的最有力的手段。Enlightenment启蒙运动--anintellectualmovementinEuropeinthe18thcentury;--guidingprincipleforthinkingandaction;--thebeliefineternaltruth,eternaljustice,naturalequality--acontinuation延续ofRenaissance;Transcendentalism：Itwasagroupofnewideasinliterature,religion,culture,andphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearlytomiddle19thcentury2.Therearethreemajorfeatures:1)emphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.2)stressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.3)ThetranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.自然是超灵或上帝的象征FamousauthorssuchasEmerson,Thoreau(Walden)NaturalismApost-darwinmovementofthelate19thcenturythattriedtoapplythe“laws”ofscientificdeterminism决定论tofiction.twofeatures:localcolorandRegionalism乡土文学.FamousauthorssuchasDreiserSisterCarrie，CraneMaggie:agirlofthestreet,LondonThecallofwild介绍作家WilliamShakespearewasanEnglishpoetofEnglishRenaissance(theactivity,spirit,ortimeofthegreatrevival复活ofart,literature,andlearninginEuropebeginninginthe14thcenturyandextendingtothe17thcentury,markingthetransition过渡fromthemedievaltothemodernworld.)widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'spre-eminent卓越的dramatist.Heproduced38plays,154sonnetsandtwolongnarrativepoems.Hisfourfamouscomedies:Muchadoaboutnothing,Asyoulikeit,TheMerchantofVenice,TwelfthNight.Hisfourfamouscomedies:Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,