2019年全球竞争力报告世界经济论坛201910660页

InsightReportKlausSchwab,WorldEconomicForumTheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019InsightReportTheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019ProfessorKlausSchwabWorldEconomicForumEditorTERMSOFUSEANDDISCLAIMERTheanalysispresentedintheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019(herein:“Report”)isbasedonamethodologyintegratingthelateststatisticsfrominternationalorganizationsandasurveyofexecutives.Themethodology,developedincollaborationwithleadingexpertsandpractitionersthroughathree-yearconsultativeprocess,isdesignedtosupportcountriestoidentifyrelevantpoliciesandpractices.Thefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldEconomicForum.TheReportpresentsinformationanddatathatwerecompiledand/orcollectedbytheWorldEconomicForum(allinformationanddatareferredhereinas“Data”).DatainthisReportissubjecttochangewithoutnotice.ThetermscountryandnationasusedinthisReportdonotinallcasesrefertoaterritorialentitythatisastateasunderstoodbyinternationallawandpractice.Thetermscoverwell-defined,geographicallyself-containedeconomicareasthatmaynotbestatesbutforwhichstatisticaldataaremaintainedonaseparateandindependentbasis.AlthoughtheWorldEconomicForumtakeseveryreasonablesteptoensurethattheDatathuscompiledand/orcollectedisaccuratelyreflectedinthisReport,theWorldEconomicForum,itsagents,officers,andemployees:(i)providetheData“asis,asavailable”andwithoutwarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressorimplied,including,withoutlimitation,warrantiesofmerchantability,fitnessforaparticularpurposeandnon-infringement;(ii)makenorepresentations,expressorimplied,astotheaccuracyoftheDatacontainedinthisReportoritssuitabilityforanyparticularpurpose;(iii)acceptnoliabilityforanyuseofthesaidDataorrelianceplacedonit,inparticular,foranyinterpretation,decisions,oractionsbasedontheDatainthisReport.OtherpartiesmayhaveownershipinterestsinsomeoftheDatacontainedinthisReport.TheWorldEconomicForuminnowayrepresentsorwarrantsthatitownsorcontrolsallrightsinallData,andtheWorldEconomicForumwillnotbeliabletousersforanyclaimsbroughtagainstusersbythirdpartiesinconnectionwiththeiruseofanyData.TheWorldEconomicForum,itsagents,officers,andemployeesdonotendorseorinanyrespectwarrantanythird-partyproductsorservicesbyvirtueofanyData,material,orcontentreferredtoorincludedinthisReport.UsersshallnotinfringeupontheintegrityoftheDataandinparticularshallrefrainfromanyactofalterationoftheDatathatintentionallyaffectsitsnatureoraccuracy.IftheDataismateriallytransformedbytheuser,thismustbestatedexplicitlyalongwiththerequiredsourcecitation.ForDatacompiledbypartiesotherthantheWorldEconomicForum,asspecifiedinAppendixAofthisReport,usersmustrefertotheseparties’termsofuse,inparticularconcerningtheattribution,distribution,andreproductionoftheData.WhenDataforwhichtheWorldEconomicForumisthesource(herein“WorldEconomicForum”),asspecifiedinAppendixAofthisReport,isdistributedorreproduced,itmustappearaccuratelyandbeattributedtotheWorldEconomicForum.ThissourceattributionrequirementisattachedtoanyuseofData,whetherobtaineddirectlyfromtheWorldEconomicForumorfromauser.UserswhomakeWorldEconomicForumDataavailabletootherusersthroughanytypeofdistributionordownloadenvironmentagreetomakereasonableeffortstocommunicateandpromotecompliancebytheirenduserswiththeseterms.UserswhointendtosellWorldEconomicForumDataaspartofadatabaseorasastandaloneproductmustfirstobtainthepermissionfromtheWorldEconomicForum([e-mail]).WorldEconomicForum91-93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:[phone]Fax:[phone]E-mail:[e-mail]©2019bytheWorldEconomicForumAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,orotherwisewithoutthepriorpermissionoftheWorldEconomicForum.ISBN-13:978-2-940631-02-5TheReportandaninteractivedataplatformareavailableat|iiiPrefacevbyKlausSchwabExecutiveSummaryviiAtaGlance:TheGlobalCompetitivenessIndex4.02019RankingsxiiiChapter1:GlobalFindings1Chapter2:RegionalandCountryAnalysis11Chapter3:Competitiveness,EqualityandSustainability—TheWayForward23EconomyProfiles41HowtoReadtheEconomyProfiles43IndexofEconomyProfiles45EconomyProfiles46AppendixA:GlobalCompetitivenessIndex4.0MethodologyandTechnicalNotes611AppendixB:TheExecutiveOpinionSurvey:633TheVoiceoftheBusinessCommunityContributorsandAcknowledgements641PartnerInstitutes643ContentsTheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019|vGlobalizationandtheFourthIndustrialRevolutionhavecreatednewopportunitiesbutalsodisruptionandpolarizationwithinandbetweeneconomiesandsocieties.Inthiscontext,theWorldEconomicForumintroducedlastyearthenewGlobalCompetitivenessIndex4.0,amuch-neededneweconomiccompass,buildingon40yearsofexperienceofbenchmarkingthedriversoflong-termcompetitiveness.Theindexisanannualyardstickforpolicy-makerstolookbeyondshort-termandreactionarymeasuresandtoinsteadassesstheirprogressagainstthefullsetoffactorsthatdetermineproductivity.Theseareorganizedinto12pilla