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201906石油开采利用的水资源外部成本研究ASTUDYONTHEEXTERNALCOSTOFWATERRESOURCEDURINGOILUTILIZATION中国水利水电科学研究院执行报告EXECUTIVEREPORT本课题属于中国石油消费总量控制和政策研究项目（下文简称‘油控研究项目’）子课题之一。中国石油消费总量控制和政策研究项目(油控研究项目)中国是世界第二大石油消费国和第一大石油进口国。石油是中国社会经济发展的重要动力，但石油的生产和消费对生态环境造成了严重破坏；同时，石油对外依存度上升也威胁着中国的能源供应安全。为应对气候变化和减少环境污染，自然资源保护协会（NRDC）和能源基金会中国（EFChina）作为协调单位，与国内外政府研究智库、科研院所和行业协会等十余家有影响力的单位合作，于2018年1月共同启动了“中国石油消费总量控制和政策研究”项目（简称油控研究项目），促进石油资源安全、高效、绿色、低碳的可持续开发和利用，助力中国跨越“石油时代”，早日进入新能源时代，为保障能源安全、节约资源、保护环境和公众健康以及应对气候变化等多重目标做出贡献。 自然资源保护协会（NRDC）是一家国际非盈利非政府环保机构，拥有逾140万会员及支持者。自1970年成立以来，以环境律师、科学家及环保专家为主力的NRDC员工们一直为保护自然资源、公共健康及环境而进行不懈努力。NRDC在美国、中国、加拿大、墨西哥、治理、哥斯达黎加、欧盟、印度等国家及地区开展工作。请登录网站了解更多详情。本报告由中国水利水电科学研究院撰写中国水利水电科学研究院中国水利水电科学研究院是从事水利水电科学研究的公益性研究机构，旨在研究解决水利发展中战略性、全局性、前瞻性、基础性的科学技术问题，为国家和行业宏观决策提供科技支撑。系列报告《中国石油消费总量控制的健康效应分析》《中国石油真实成本研究》《中国传统燃油汽车退出时间表研究》3石油开采利用的水资源外部成本研究油控研究项目系列报告石油开采利用的水资源外部成本研究ASTUDYONTHEEXTERNALCOSTOFWATERRESOURCEDURINGOILUTILIZATION执行报告EXECUTIVEREPORT中国水利水电科学研究院2019年06月油控研究项目系列报告4目录ExecutiveSummary5前言81.石油开发利用对水循环系统的影响91.1石油开发利用的水资源、水环境、水生态影响1.2石油与水资源的纽带关系2.石油开发利用的水资源外部成本172.1影响因子及测算方法2.2量化分析2.3不确定性及风险分析3.结论及展望263.1主要结论3.2政策建议参考文献295石油开采利用的水资源外部成本研究ExecutiveSummaryBasedondetailedanalysisofthequantitativeandqualitativeimpactsofpetroleumproductionandutilizationonwaterresourcesinChina,thisprojectexaminesthewater-relatedexternalitiesofthewholeprocessandevaluatescorrespondingexternalcosts.Thisworksupportsresearchonthetruecostofpetroleumwithanemphasisonenvironmentallimitations.Theresearchteamcarriedoutextensiveresearchworkandobtainedthefollowingresultsandfindings:(1)Theimpactsofthepetroleumproductionandutilizationprocessonthewatercycleandthewithdrawl,utilization,consumptionanddischargeofwaterresourcesforpetroleumproductiondemonstratesthecloserelationshipbetweenpetroleumandwater.ThedistributionofpetroleumresourcesoftencoincideswithwaterresourcesintheeightmainbasinsinChina.Petroleumproductionandrefiningalsooftenoverlappswithwaterscarcity,showninFigure1.Excessiveproductionandutilizationofpetroleummaydamagewaterresourcesprotectionandsustainablewateruse.油控研究项目系列报告6Thewholelifecycleofpetroleum,includingproduction,refinement,transformationandutilization,impactsregionalwaterresourcessignificantly.Thenaturalwatercyclesystemisdisturbedbyexploratorywelldrillingandwaterinjection,bothbeforeandduringpetroleumextraction,alongwithhighwaterutilizationandwastewaterdischarge.Surfacewater,soilandgroundwaterarepollutedbypetroleumleakageandwastewater,whichindirectlycausesecologicalregression.Thepetroleumrefiningandpetrochemicalindustries,withintensivewaterdemandandhigh-pollutionrates,aggravateregionalwatersupplyanddemandandcontaminatethesurroundingwaterenvironment.(2)Theexternalcostsofpetroleumextractionandrefiningonwaterresourcesdepletion,waterenvironmentdegradationandsoilpollutionareevaluatedquantitatively.Threeimpactsonwaterresources,bothdirectlyandindirectlycausedbypetroleumextractionandrefining,aretakenintoconsideration,includingwaterresourcesdepletion,waterenvironmentdegradationandsoilpollution.Thephysicalquantitativeindicesandmagnitudeofvalueindicesaredeterminedbysurveys,literatureresearchandanalysistocalculatetheexternalcosts.Fortheexternalcostsofwaterresourcesdepletion,weconsideredtheimpactsofpetroleumextractionandrefiningongroundwateroverexploitationandthevalueofwaterresources.Fortheexternalcostsofwaterenvironmentdegradation,theaveragewastewaterdischargefrompetroleumextractionandrefiningandthepotentialcostsof0200400600800100012000100020003000400050006000BeijingTianjinHebeiShanxiInnerMongoliaLiaoningJilinHeilongjiangShanghaiJiangsuZhejiangAnhuiFujianJiangxiShandongHenanHubeiHunanGuangdongGuangxiHainanChongqingSichuanGuizhouYunnanTibetShaanxiGansuQinghaiNingxiaXinjiangRunoffdepth/mmGroundwatermodule/103m3/km2Petroleumproduction/104tGroundwatermodulePetroleumproductionRunoffdepthFigure1PetroleumproductionandwaterresourcescomparisonbyprovincesinChina7石油开采利用的水资源外部成本研究wastewaterdeeptreatmentwereconsidered.Fortheexternalcostsofsoilpollution,thesoilpollutionaroundpetroleumwellsanditsrecoverycostswereconsidered.Theresultsindicatethat,asshowninTable1,theexternalcostsofpetroleumextractionandrefiningonwaterresourceswas28.16yuan/t,inwhichthatofpetroleumextraction24.21yuan/t,andpetroleumrefining3.96yuan/t.Table1ExternalcostsofpetroleumextractionandrefiningonwaterresourcesinChina(yuan/t)ItemPetroleumextractionPetroleumrefiningTotalWaterresourcesdepletion16.582.0018.59Waterenvironmentdegradation4.881.956.83Soilpollution2.75-2.75Total24.213.9628.16(3)Waterresources-orientedproposalsforpetroleumproductionandutilizationarebroughtforwardfortheharmoniousdevelopmentofwaterandpetroleum.Webelievethattheplanning,productionoperationandimpactmanagementofpetroleumrelatedindustriesshouldbeadjustedandrestrictedforwaterandenvironmentalconservation.1)Theplanningofpetroleumprojectsshouldfullyconsidertherestrictionsoflocalwatercarryingcapacity.2)Theproductionoperationofpetroleumenterprisesshouldbeassignedclearrequirementsforwaterutilizationquantity,efficiencyandwastewaterdischargequa