平狄克-微观经济学-课件-PPT-第一章-Preliminaries

Chapter1PreliminariesChapter1:PreliminariesSlide2TopicstobeDiscussedTheThemesofMicroeconomicsWhatIsaMarket?RealVersusNominalPricesWhyStudyMicroeconomics?Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide3PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenConsuming•HowwechoosewhattobuyChapter1:PreliminariesSlide4PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:BehaviorofindividualunitsWhenProducing•HowwechoosewhattoproduceChapter1:PreliminariesSlide5PreliminariesMicroeconomicsdealswith:Markets:TheinteractionofconsumersandproducersChapter1:PreliminariesSlide6PreliminariesMacroeconomicsdealswith:Analysisofaggregateissues:EconomicgrowthInflationUnemploymentChapter1:PreliminariesSlide7PreliminariesTheLinkageBetweenMicroandMacro-economicsMicroeconomicsisthefoundationofmacroeconomicanalysisChapter1:PreliminariesSlide8TheThemesofMicroeconomicsAccordingtoMickJagger*&theRollingStones“Youcan’talwaysgetwhatyouwant”*EconomicsdegreefromLondonSchoolofEconomicsChapter1:PreliminariesSlide9TheThemesofMicroeconomicsWhyNot?LimitedResourcesChapter1:PreliminariesSlide10TheThemesofMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsAllocationofScarceResourcesandTrade-offsInaplannedeconomyInamarketeconomyChapter1:PreliminariesSlide11TheThemesofMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsandOptimalTrade-offs1.ConsumerTheory2.Workers3.TheoryoftheFirmChapter1:PreliminariesSlide12TheThemesofMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsandPricesTheroleofpricesinamarketeconomyHowpricesaredeterminedChapter1:PreliminariesSlide13TheoriesandModelsMicroeconomicAnalysisTheoriesareusedtoexplainobservedphenomenaintermsofasetofbasicrulesandassumptions.ForexampleTheTheoryoftheFirmTheTheoryofConsumerBehaviorChapter1:PreliminariesSlide14TheoriesandModelsMicroeconomicAnalysisModels:amathematicalrepresentationofatheoryusedtomakeaprediction.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide15TheoriesandModelsMicroeconomicAnalysisValidatingaTheoryThevalidityofatheoryisdeterminedbythequalityofitsprediction,giventheassumptions.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide16TheoriesandModelsMicroeconomicAnalysisEvolvingtheTheoryTestingandrefiningtheoriesiscentraltothedevelopmentofthescienceofeconomics.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide17PositiveVersusNormativeAnalysisPositiveAnalysisPositiveanalysisistheuseoftheoriesandmodelstopredicttheimpactofachoice.Forexample:Whatwillbetheimpactofanimportquotaonforeigncars?Whatwillbetheimpactofanincreaseinthegasolineexcisetax?Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide18PositiveversusNormativeAnalysisNormativeAnalysisNormativeanalysisaddressesissuesfromtheperspectiveof“Whatoughttobe?”Forexample:Considertheequityandefficiencytrade-offofanincreaseinthegasolineexcisetaxversusimportrestrictiononforeignoil.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide19WhatisaMarket?MarketsAgeographicallydefinedareawherebuyersandsellersinteracttodeterminethepriceofaproductorasetofproducts.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide20WhatisaMarket?Marketsvs.IndustriesIndustriesarethesupplysideofthemarket.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide21WhatisaMarket?DefiningtheMarketThemarketparametersmustbesetbeforeananalysisofthemarketcantakeplace.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide22WhatisaMarket?ArbitrageBuyingaproductatalowpriceinonelocationandsellingatahighpriceinanotherChapter1:PreliminariesSlide23WhatisaMarket?Competitivevs.NoncompetitiveMarketsCompetitiveMarketsBecauseofthelargenumberofbuyersandsellers,noindividualbuyerorsellercaninfluencetheprice.Example:MostagriculturalmarketsChapter1:PreliminariesSlide24WhatisaMarket?Competitivevs.NoncompetitiveMarketsNoncompetitiveMarketsMarketswhereindividualproducerscaninfluencetheprice.Example:OPECChapter1:PreliminariesSlide25WhatisaMarket?MarketPriceCompetitivemarketsestablishoneprice.Noncompetitivemarketsmaysetmanypricesforthesameproduct.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide26WhatisaMarket?MarketDefinition&TheExtentofaMarketMarketDefinitionWhichbuyersandsellersshouldbeincludedinagivenmarketChapter1:PreliminariesSlide27WhatisaMarket?MarketDefinition-TheExtentofaMarketMarketExtentDefinestheboundariesofthemarket•Geographic•RangeofproductsChapter1:PreliminariesSlide28WhatisaMarket?ExamplesGeographicboundariesGasoline:USvsCaliforniaHousing:ChicagovsaChicagoneighborhoodChapter1:PreliminariesSlide29WhatisaMarket?ExamplesRangeofProductsGasoline:regular,super,&dieselCameras:SLR’s,point&shoot,digitalChapter1:PreliminariesSlide30WhatisaMarket?ExamplesMarketsforPrescriptionDrugsWell-definedmarkets-therapeuticdrugsAmbiguousmarkets-painkillersChapter1:PreliminariesSlide31RealVersusNominalPricesNominalpriceistheabsoluteorcurrentdollarpriceofagoodorservicewhenitissold.Realpriceisthepricerelativetoanaggregatemeasureofpricesorconstantdollarprice.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide32RealVersusNominalPricesTheConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)isanaggregatemeasure.Realpricesareemphasizedtopermittheanalysisofrelativeprices.Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide33RealVersusNominalPricesCalculatingRealPricesyearcurrentyearcurrentyearbasePriceNominalxCPICPIPriceReal(baseyear=100)Chapter1:PreliminariesSlide34AnExample:CalculatingtheRealPriceofMilk1970.4038.8