ESMO2018欧洲肿瘤内科学会ESMO肿瘤免疫学手册医疗英文201810389页

·RaffaeleCalifano·IwonaLugowska·MarinaChiaraGarassinoOverthepastdecade,thefieldofimmuno-oncologyhastrulycomeofage.Startingwiththemodestbutimportantimprovementinoverallsurvivalofmetastaticmelanomapatientswithipilimumab,blockadeofthePD-1/PD-L1axishasrevolutionisedmanagementforagrowingnumberoftumourtypes.Therearealreadyfiveanti-PD-1/PD-L1drugsintheclinicandmanymorearebeingstudiedinclinicaldevelopmentprogrammes.Theseagentscanbeusedincombinationwitholdornewdrugs,whichmaysynergisewithPD-1/PD-L1blockadeinordertoimproveresponseratesandsurvivalbyovercomingprimaryoradaptiveresistancemechanisms.Biomarkersforselectingwhichpatientsaremostlikelytobenefitfromthesedrugsareindevelopment,butthelandscapeishighlycomplex.Immuno-oncologywillkeeponchangingcancertreatment,notonlyforourpatients,butalsoformanyhealthcareprofessionalsworkinginthisfield.EditedbyJohnB.A.G.Haanen·RaffaeleCalifano·IwonaLugowska·MarinaChiaraGarassinoESMOHandbookSeriesEuropeanSocietyforMedicalOncologyViaGinevra4,6900Lugano,SwitzerlandESMOHandbookSeriesESMOPress·ISBN978-88-941795-7-6ESMOHANDBOOKOFIMMUNO-ONCOLOGYESMOHANDBOOKOFIMMUNO-ONCOLOGYESMOHANDBOOKOFIMMUNO-ONCOLOGYESMOHandbookSeriesCM56ESMO_handbookImmunoOnco_spine29v01.indd110/09/201819:02ESMOHANDBOOKOFIMMUNO-ONCOLOGYESMOHANDBOOKOFIMMUNO-ONCOLOGYEditedbyJohnB.A.G.HaanenTheNetherlandsCancerInstitute,Amsterdam,NetherlandsIwonaLugowskaMariaSklodowska-CurieMemorialCancerCentre-InstituteofOncology(MSCMI),DepartmentofSoftTissue/BoneSarcomaandMelanoma,Warsaw;InstituteofMotherandChild,DepartmentofEpidemiology,Warsaw,PolandMarinaChiaraGarassinoMedicalThoracicOncologyUnit,DepartmentofMedicalOncologyandHematology,FondazioneIRCCS,IstitutoNazionaledeiTumori,Milan,ItalyRaffaeleCalifanoDepartmentofMedicalOncology,TheChristieNHSFoundationTrust,Manchester;DepartmentofMedicalOncology,ManchesterUniversityNHSFoundationTrust,Manchester;DivisionofCancerSciences,TheUniversityofManchester,Manchester,UKESMOPressFirstpublishedin2018byESMOPress©2018EuropeanSocietyforMedicalOncologyAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,orutilisedinanyformbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionofthepublisherorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofanylicensepermittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,USA().Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprintedmaterialisquotedwithpermissionandsourcesareindicated.Awidevarietyofreferencesarelisted.Reasonableeffortshavebeenmadetopublishreliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorsandpublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthevalidityofallmaterialsorfortheconsequenceoftheiruse.Althougheveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethatdrugdoses,treatments,andotherinformationarepresentedaccuratelyinthispublication,theultimateresponsibilityrestswiththeprescribingphysician.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorscanbeheldresponsibleforerrorsorforanyconsequencesarisingfromtheuseofinformationcontainedherein.Fordetailedprescribinginformationontheuseofanyproductorprocedurediscussedherein,pleaseconsulttheprescribinginformationorinstructionalmaterialissuedbythemanufacturer.ACIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.ISBN:978-88-941795-7-6Fororders,corporatesales,foreignrights,andreprintpermissions,pleasecontact:ESMOHeadOfficeGuidelines,PublishingandOnlineEducationDepartmentViaGinevra46900LuganoSwitzerlandTel:+41(0)[e-mail]|s|medialimited,Rickmansworth,Hertfordshire,UKvContentsEditorsxiiContributorsxviReviewersxxiiAbbreviationsxxvAcknowledgementsxxxiiiPrefacexxxivSection1:Introductiontoimmunologyandimmunotherapy1.1ImmuneCheckpoints3Definition3ImmuneSynapse4TechnicalProcedures7Predictiveand/orPrognosticBiomarkersof(Potential)ClinicalRelevance8ClinicalResults10PotentialFutureDevelopments13FurtherReading141.2AdoptiveTCellTherapy15NaturallyOccurringTumour-specificTCells15GeneticallyModifiedTCells17ConcludingRemarks22FurtherReading22vi1.3Vaccines(DendriticCellVaccines,PeptideVaccines,DNAVaccines,RNAVaccines,OncolyticViruses)23Definition(IntroductiontotheConceptandDevelopmentofCancerVaccineStrategies)23EssentialProcessesInvolved26DendriticCellVaccines27PeptideVaccines31DNAVaccines34RNAVaccines35OncolyticViruses36Predictiveand/orPrognosticBiomarkersof(Potential)ClinicalRelevance37PotentialFutureDevelopments37FurtherReading401.4BiomarkersforImmunotherapy43Introduction43BiologicalBackgroundforBiomarkersinImmunotherapy43FutureImmuno-oncologyBiomarkerStrategies53Conclusion53FurtherReading541.5ResistancetoImmunotherapy56Introduction56Tumour-intrinsicMechanismsofImmuneCheckpointI