世界经济论坛第四次工业革命中的健康与医疗保健20162018年健康与医疗未来全球未来委员会英文201

InsightReportHealthandHealthcareintheFourthIndustrialRevolutionGlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofHealthandHealthcare2016-2018April2019WorldEconomicForum91-93routedelaCapiteCH-1223Cologny/GenevaSwitzerlandTel.:[phone]Fax:[phone]Email:[e-mail]©2019WorldEconomicForum.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem.3GlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofHealthandHealthcareExecutiveSummaryForewordIntroductionMedicalBreakthroughsinBiotechnologyGeneticEngineeringRegenerativeMedicineandStemCells:ImprovingandRestoringHomeostasisImmunotherapyPrecisionMedicineSomeDefinitionsHistoricalPerspectivesofPrecisionMedicineExamplesofPrecisionMedicineinPracticeChallenges,LimitationsandPromisesofPrecisionMedicineEnhancingHumanHealthforImprovedWellnessNanotechnologyMedical‘ThingsandtheInternetofThingsAnalyticsandComputingforImprovedDiagnostics,PaymentsandInformationSharingArtificialIntelligenceBigDataCaseStudy:BigDataforRationalCareBlockchainVirtual/AugmentedRealityModernMachinesandHealthcare3DPrintingRoboticsDronesPolicyandGovernance:AdjustingSocietytoRapidChangesintheHealthandHealthcareEcosystemAccessandAffordabilityWorkforceRegulationEthics,EquityandSocialConsiderationsNorms,Standards,ResponsibleConductDataOwnership,PrivacyandSharingBiosecurityandbiosafetyCybersecurityConclusionAcknowledgementsEndnotes578991218202021212425252527272929323233333333343434343435353536373840Contents4GlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofHealthandHealthcareFigure0:Whatisdrivinginnovationsinhealthandhealthcare?Table1:SuccessesandpromisesingeneticengineeringTable2A:Clinicalapplicationsofex-vivogenetherapiesTable2B:Clinicalapplicationsofin-vivogenetherapiesFigure1:Abriefhistoryoftheuseoflivecell-basedtherapiesinmedicineTable3:SuccessesandpromisesinregenerativemedicineTable4:OtherapplicationsofregenerativemedicineFigure2:StrategiestoexpandthepotentialofregenerativemedicineTable5:SuccessesandpromisesinimmunotherapyTable6:PrecisionMedicineinpracticeTable7:MoreexamplesofPrecisionMedicineapplicationsacrossmedicineFigure3:ApplicationsofnanotechnologyinmedicineTable8:Internet-of-thingsapplicationsinhealthandhealthcareTable9:ArtificialintelligenceapplicationsinhealthandhealthcareFigure4:DevelopingamodelforrationalcarebasedonindividualpatientoutcometrackingandtreatmentdecisionsTable10:Applicationsofdronesinhealthandhealthcare691112131316171822232526273033TableofFigures5GlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofHealthandHealthcareExecutiveSummaryTheWorldEconomicForumGlobalFutureCouncil(GFC)ontheFutureofHealthandHealthcarecomprisesexpertstakeholdersrepresentingthepublicandprivatehealthcaresectors.Forthe2016-2018mandate,membersoftheGFCworkedtogethertoprovideinsightsonhowtheevolutionofglobalhealthandhealthcarewillaffectusallinthedecadestocome,includingthroughtheimplementationoftheFourthIndustrialRevolution.Itisnowwellrecognizedthatthemisalignmentofallstakeholdersresidesatthecoreofhealthsectorunderperformance.Thisislargelyduetonarrowcompetingobjectives(silosversusdifferentincentives),powerasymmetries(NorthversusSouth,advancedversusemergingeconomies)andcooperationfailuresamongotherthings.However,thesechallengeswillhavetobeaddressedcollectivelyashealth-andhealthcare-relatedissueshavebecomesomeofthemostprominentpreoccupationsforpeopleacrosstheglobeandgenerations.Firstandforemostisthepressingissueofseekingsustainability:fromourageingdemographics(by2050,onefifthoftheglobalpopulationwillbeover60andtwothirdsofbabiesborntodaycouldliveto100)totheincreasingburdenofnon-communicablechronicdiseases(NCDs),whichalreadyrepresent75%ofhealthcareexpenses,whiletherisingcostofhealthcarewillcontributetoanoveralldirectandindirectlossof$47trillionfortheworld’sgrossdomesticproductby2030.Second,theaccelerationofscienceanddiscoverywith,forexample,thecostofgenomesequencingfallingbelow$1,000,andover100,000newdrugsinthepipeline,someofwhichhavealreadyhadaprofoundimpactindevelopingcures,particularlyincancer,butareincreasinglyassociatedwithunaffordablecosts.Forexample,recentapprovedcelltherapycostswellover$1millionforonetreatmentforasinglepatient.Third,theprogressintechnologyspanningthedigitalizationofhealthandhealthcaretosocialmedia,internetofthings(IoT),wearables,sensors,bigdata,artificialintelligence(AI),augmentedreality(AR),nanotechnology,roboticsand3Dprinting,whichtogetherwillradicallytransformsociety,increasinginterconnectivityandbreakingthestructuresofhealthcaresystems.The2016-2018GlobalFutureCouncilontheFutureofHealthandHealthcareexaminedhowtheseadvancesindiscoveryandclinicalsciences,datascienceandtechnologyandtheirconvergencearepavingthewayforexcitingnewdevelopments.Specificexamplesofbreakthroughsincludegeneticengineering–especiallygenomeediting–regenerativebiologyandmedicine,tissueengineering,cancergenomicsandimmunotherapy,precisionmedicine,microbiome,opticalimaging,optogeneticsandbrainmachineinterfacetechnology.Inaddition,thesurgeofdatasciencewithbigd