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OthertitlesintheNext-GenerationMedicalTechnologyseriesinclude:GeneticsandMedicineNanotechnologyandMedicineRoboticsandMedicine3DPrintingandMedicineNEXT-GENERATIONMEDICALTECHNOLOGYVirtualRealityandMedicineJamesRoland®SanDiego,CA©2018ReferencePointPress,Inc.PrintedintheUnitedStatesFormoreinformation,contact:ReferencePointPress,Inc.POBox27779SanDiego,CA92198—graphic,electronic,ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,taping,webdistribution,orinformationstorageretrievalsystems—withoutthewrittenpermissionofthepublisher.LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATAName:Roland,James,author.Title:VirtualRealityandMedicine/byJamesRoland.Description:SanDiego,CA:ReferencePointPress,Inc.,2018.|Series:Next-GenerationMedicalTechnologyseries|Audience:Grade9to12.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.Identifiers:LCCN2017041158(print)|LCCN2017045826(ebook)|ISBN9781682823347(eBook)|ISBN9781682823330(hardback)Subjects:LCSH:Virtualrealityinmedicine.|Computervisioninmedicine.Classification:LCCR859.7.C67(ebook)|LCCR859.7.C67R652018(print)|DDC610.285—dc23LCrecordavailableat®5ImportantEventsintheHistoryofVirtualRealityandMedicine6Introduction8VirtualRealityTransformsMedicineChapter112AHistoryofIllusionChapter224TrainingToolChapter335StudyingandTreatingtheBrainChapter446EasingPainandAnxietyChapter557EasingtheChallengesofRecoverySourceNotes67ForFurtherResearch71Index73PictureCredits79AbouttheAuthor80CONTENTS66IMPORTANTEVENTSINTHEHISTORYOFVIRTUALREALITY1793RobertBarkerdis-playshis360-degreepanoramicpaintingoftheEdinburghskyline,consideredoneoftheearliestattemptstoimmerseanaudienceinaworkofart.1838CharlesWheatstoneinventsthestereoscope,adevicethatusesspeciallensestoviewtwosimilarimagesplacedsidebysidetogivetheappear-anceofthreedimensions.1935SciencefictionwriterStanleyWeinbaumpublishes“Pygmalion’sSpectacles,”astoryinwhichchar-acterswearspecialgogglesthatallowthemtosee,feel,hear,andtouchlifeinafictionalworld.1939TheView-Master,astereoscope-liketoyforchildren,hitsthemarket.1960CinematographerMortonHeiligpatentstheTelesphereMask,thefirsthead-mounteddisplay(HMD)usedtowatchmoviesin3-Dandwithstereosound.1962MortonHeiligpatentsSensorama,afilm-viewingimmersiveexperi-encethatfeaturedavibratingseatandpiped-inscentsandwindtoenhancetheon-screenaction.1968InventorIvanSutherlandcre-atestheSwordofDamocles,thefirstvirtualreality/augment-edrealityheadsetlinkedtoacomputerratherthanacamera.1969MyronKruegercoinsthetermartificialrealitytode-scribehiscomputer-generatedenvironmentsthatrespondtothecharactersinthoseenvironments.1800194019501960197019801990200020102020771982ThomasFurnessdevelopstheVisuallyCoupledAirborneSys-temsSimulator,anadvancedflightsimulatorinwhichthepilotwearsanHMD.1987JaronLanier,founderoftheVisualProgram-mingLab,coinsthetermvirtualreality.Thecom-panysellsthefirstcommercialvirtualreal-ity(VR)gogglesandgloves.1996MaxNorth,apio-neerinVRtherapy,publishesthefirstbookonthesub-ject,VirtualRealityTherapy:AnInno-vativeParadigm.2007VisibleBodyreleasesitsfirstcomputer-basedHumanAnato-myAtlastothepublic.2008ResultsofaclinicaltrialofVirtualIraq,aVRsimulationtotreatveteransdealingwithpost-traumaticstressdisorder,showsignificantimprovementinhowthevetscopewiththeirstress.2015WesternUniversityofHealthSciencesinCaliforniaopensthefirstmedicalschoolVRlearningcenterintheUnitedStates.2016Dr.ShafiAhmedper-formsacancersur-gerythatisbroadcastaroundtheworldinVR.2017UniversityofCalifornia–SanDiegoopensthefirstVRlabforundergraduatesinaUSuniversity.18001940195019601970198019902000201020208VirtualRealityTransformsMedicineOnApril14,2016,acancersurgeoninLondon,England,performedafirst-of-its-kindoperation.Therewasnothingparticularlyfascinat-ingabouttheprocedureitself.Thepatientwasamaninhisseven-tieshavingacanceroustumorremovedfromhiscolon.Whatmadethisoperationsogroundbreakingwaswhocouldobserveit—andhowtheycouldwatcheverymovethedoctorsandnursesmade.ThatoperationinRoyalLondonHospitalwasperformedbyDr.ShafiAhmed,anditwasbroadcastlivethroughvirtualreality(VR).AnyonearoundtheworldwithVRheadsetsandtherightappfortheirsmartphonesorwhowenttotheMedicalRealitieswebsite(Ahmed’sVR-basedmedicaltrainingcompany)couldseeexactlywhatAhmedwasseeing.Andbecausetheoperationwasfilmedwithtwo360-degreecameraswithmultiplelenses,viewerscouldwalkaroundtheoperatingroomtogetotheranglesonthesurgery.Virtualreality(andtherelatedtechnologyofaug-mentedreality,orAR)arelikelytoadvancedoctortrainingandthepracticeofmedicineinwaysthat,fornow,stillcanonlybeimagined.“Ibelievethatvirtualrealityandaugmentedrealitycanrevolutionizesurgicaleducationandtraining,particularlyforde-velopingcountriesthatdon’thavetheresourcesandfacilitiesofNHS[England’sNationalHealthService]hospitals,”saysAhmed.“Iamveryexcitedabouttheexpansionofthisprogramtobringmoremedicallearningtotheworld.”1PlayingTricksontheMindVirtualrealityaspeopleknowittodayisbasicallycomputertechno