English-Lexicology(III)

EnglishLexicology(III)Englishlexicology(III)2Contents8.WordMeaning9.SenseRelationsTobecontinuedChapter8WordMeaning8.1TypesofWordMeaning8.2GrammaticalMeaning8.3Lexicalmeaning8.4Conceptualmeaning8.5AssociativemeaningEnglishlexicology(III)48.1TypesofWordMeaningConceptualMeaningAssociativeMeaningStylisticmeaningCollocativemeaningAffectivemeaningConnotativemeaningGrammaticalMeaningLexicalMeaningWordMeaningEnglishlexicology(III)58.2GrammaticalMeaningGrammaticalmeaning(语法意义)referstothatpartofmeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchasthewordclass,singularandpluralformsofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalforms(forget,forgets,forgot,forgotten,forgetting).Englishlexicology(III)68.3LexicalmeaningLexicalmeaning(词汇意义)isthemeaningofanisolatedwordinadictionary.Thiscomponentofmeaningisidenticalinalltheformsoftheword.E.g.‘go,goes,went,gone,going’possessdifferentgrammaticalmeaning.Buttheyhavethesamelexicalmeaningexpressingtheprocessofmovement.Lexicalmeaningitselfhastwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.Englishlexicology(III)78.4ConceptualmeaningConceptualmeaning(概念意义)(alsoknownasdenotativemeaning)isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasthesamewordhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamelanguage.Sun:aheavenlybodywhichgivesofflight,heat,andenergyMother:afemaleparentEnglishlexicology(III)88.5AssociativemeaningAssociatemeaning(关联意义)isthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaninginthatitisliabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc.Associativemeaningcomprisesfourtypes:connotativemeaning,stylisticmeaning,affectivemeaning,andcollocativemeaning.Englishlexicology(III)98.5AssociativemeaningConnotativemeaning(内涵意义)Incontrasttodenotativemeaning,connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationswhichawordsuggestsorimplies.Mother(afemaleparent)isoftenassociatedwith‘love’,‘care’,‘tenderness’,‘forgiving’,etc.Home(adwellingplace)maysuggest‘family,warmth,safety,love,convenience’,etc.‘Eastorwest,homeisbest’.Statesmanimplies‘loyalty,devotiontopublicwelfare’;politicianimplies‘deceit,power-drunk,bragging,villainy’.Englishlexicology(III)108.5AssociativemeaningConnotativemeaningForpeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgrounds,awordmightevokedifferentassociations.ChinaBritainmagpieGoodluck,goodwillwordinessowlbadluck,malignancecomposure,wisdomredhappiness,goodluck,successunfavouredstate‘red-lightdistrict’‘redflags’‘inthered”Englishlexicology(III)118.5AssociativemeaningStylisticmeaning(文体意义)Wordsmayhavestylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.Thisstylisticdifferenceisespeciallytrueofsynonyms.Itisobservedthattherearefewwordswhichhaveboththesameconceptualmeaningandstylisticmeaning.Englishlexicology(III)128.5AssociativemeaningStylisticmeaningDegreesofformalityFormalNeutral/CommonInformal/ColloquialExamplesmaleparent,father,daddyresidence,home,padEnglishlexicology(III)138.5AssociativemeaningStylisticmeaningbodily----corporalbrotherly---fraternaltooth----dentalblood----sanguinaryhereby,thereby,therefore,however,moreover,furthermoreEnglishlexicology(III)148.5AssociativemeaningAffectivemeaning(情感意义)Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:Appreciativeorcommendatory(褒义):wordsofpositiveovertonesusedtoshowappreciationorapproval.Pejorativeorderogatory(贬义):wordsofnegativeconnotationsimplydisapproval,contemptorcriticism.Englishlexicology(III)158.5AssociativemeaningAffectivemeaningAppreciativelove,cherish,prize,treasure,admire,worship,charm,fascinate,attractPejorativehate,detest,loathe,abominate,vicious,good-for-nothingEnglishlexicology(III)168.5AssociativemeaningAffectivemeaningThisaffectivedifferenceisespeciallytrueofsynonyms.AppreciativeNeutralPejorativegatheringcrowdmobseniorcitizenoldpersonfossilslender,slimthinskinnyuniqueunusualbizarreEnglishlexicology(III)178.5AssociativemeaningCollocativemeaning(搭配意义)Collocativemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresinitscollocation.Inotherwords,itisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.Englishlexicology(III)188.5AssociativemeaningCollocativemeaning‘Abitoralittle’collocateswithwordsofnegativeconnotations:drunk,jealous,gloomy,tired,worried…‘Highly’collocateswithwordsofpositiveconnotations:important,significant,intelligent,sensitive…Englishlexicology(III)198.5AssociativemeaningCollocativemeaningwideawake,fullyawake,soundasleep,farapart(‘Very’isinappropriatehere)tremblewithfear,quiverwithexcitementChapter9SenseRelations9.1SenseRelations9.2Hyponymy9.3Synonymy9.4Antonymy9.5HomonymyEnglishlexicology(III)219.1SenseRelationsWhataresenserelations(语义关系)?Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandareindependentidentitiessofarasheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsare