英语语言学第二章讲课PPT共39页

Chapter2Phonetics＆Phonology1.Inroduction(1)Phoneticsandphonologyareveryuseful.Withsomephoneticknowledgewecangiveamuchmoreprecisedescriptiontospeechsounds.Andwithsomephonologicalknowledgewecanbecomemoreawareofthefunctionsofsoundsindifferentlanguages.Moreimportantly,phoneticsandphonologyhavemadethegreatestcontributionto“teaching”machinesto“talk”.(2)Linguisticsisonlyinterestedinspeechsounds.Soundsmadebyahumanbeingbutnotusedinlanguagearenotconsideredasspeechsound,e.g.coughing,vomitting,snoring.2.PhoneticsPhoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage.Itstudiesthecharacteristicsofhumansound-making,particularlythesoundsusedinspeech,andprovidesmethodsfortheirtranscription,descriptionandclassification.Threebranchesofphonetics:(1)Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学isthestudyofhowspeechsoundsareproduced.(2)Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学studieshowspeechsoundsareperceivedbythehearer.(3)Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesthetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Ourprimaryinterestwillbeinarticulatoryphonetics.Speechorgans/ArticulatorsThearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:Thepharyngealcavity咽腔—thethroat;Theoralcavity口腔—themouth.Thespeechorganslocatedinthiscavityarethetongue,thesoftpalate,thehardpalate,theteethridge,theteethandthelips;Thenasalcavity鼻腔—thenose.3.IPAandbroadvs.narrowtranscriptionTheinternationalphoneticalphabet﹙IPA﹚systemwasdevisedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationin1988andhasundergoneanumberofrevisionsincethen.ThebasicprincipleoftheIPAisusingoneletterselectedfrommajorEuropeanlanguagestorepresentonespeechsound.Theapplicationofthephoneticsymbolsisuniversaltoalllanguages.Broadtranscription宽式标音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription严式标音:thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics变音符.Diacriticsareasetofsymbolsaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.4.ClassificationsofEnglishspeechsoundsQuestion:Analyzetheimportantfeaturesofvowelsandconsonants.(1)ClassificationofconsonantsIntermsofmannerofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Stops/plosives塞音/破裂音Fricatives擦音Affricates塞擦音Liquids流音:[l]﹙lateral边音﹚[r]﹙retroflex卷舌音﹚Nasals鼻音Glides/semi-vowels滑音/半元音Intermsofplaceofarticulation,Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:Bilabial双唇音Labiodental唇齿音Dental齿音Alveolar齿龈音Palatal腭音Velar软腭音Glottal喉音(2)ClassificationofvowelsVowelscanbeclassifiedintomonophthongs单元音anddiphthongs双元音.Monophthongscanbeclassifiedaccordingto:A.thepositionofthetongueinthemouth:frontvowelscentralvowelsbackvowelsB.theopennessofthemouth:closevowelssemi-closevowelssemi-openvowelsopenvowelsC.theshapeofthelips:unroundedvowelsroundedvowelsD.thelengthofthevowels:longvowels﹙tensevowel紧元音﹚shortvowels﹙laxvowels松元音﹚5.PhonologyPhonologystudieshowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Question:Howdoesphonologydifferfromphonetics?Phone音素,phoneme音位,andallophone音位变体Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Question:Canaphonedistinguishmeaning?and,at,add,lead,tell,tenHowmanyphonesarethereintheabovewords?Howmanyphonemes?Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.E.g.,clear[l]anddark[l]areallophonesofthephoneme/l/inEnglish;aspirated[p]andunaspirated[p]areallophonesofthephoneme/p/inEnglish.Phonemiccontrast音位对立,complementarydistribution互补分布,andminimalpair最小对立体Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Question:Do/f/and/v/formaphonemiccontrast?Howabout/f/and/k/?Iftheyareallophonesofthesamephoneme,theydonotdistinguishmeaning,butcomplementeachotherindistribution.Aminimalpairisapairofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Andthetwodifferentsoundsmustoccurinthesameposition.Questions:1.Doranandrangformaminimalpair?Howaboutleadandleave,whyandhigh,boughtandbut,peekandkeen,seedandsoup?2.Whatisaminimalset?Dorap,rack,ratch,ram,ran,andrazzformaminimalset?Howaboutheed,hid,head,hard,hoard,heard,hood,andhide?6.Somerulesinphonology(1)Sequentialrules序列规则Sequentialrulesarerulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.WhatisnotpermissibleinEnglishmightbepermissibleinanotherlanguage.(2)Assimilationrule同化规则Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“coping”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.indiscreetTheconsonantfollowing[n]isanalveolarstop.inconceivableTheconsonantfollowing[n]isavelarstop.inputTheconsonantfollowing[n]isabilabialstop.Anotherexampleisthevariousformsofthenegativeprefixin-indifferentwords.(3)Deletionrule省略规则Thedeletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.7.Suprasegmentalfeatures超切分特征Thephonemicfeaturestha