1定语从句(一)定义及相关术语1.定语从句:修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词:被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词:引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用:A、引导定语从句;B、代替先行词;C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如:Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中,whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句,修饰先行词theman,“who”是引导定语从句的关系词,代替先行词theman,在定语从句中作主语。(二)关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人,在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。2.whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语,常可省略。LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.李明正是我想要见的男孩。Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。注意:关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替,也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.Which指物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。2Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4.That指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿?Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。5.Whose通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。注意:指物时,常用下列结构来代替:Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?(三)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。注意:1.含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:3lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)这是我正在找的手表。ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.(误)2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时只可用whom,不可用who,that;关系代词指物时只可用which,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(正)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)3.“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如:Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.他深深地爱着他的父母,他们俩待他都很好。Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.篮子里有好些苹果,有些已经坏了。Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.我们班总共有40个学生,大多数来自大城市。(四)关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。42.where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.上海是我出生的城市。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.我十年前住的房子已经被拆掉了。3.why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。注意:关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.自从他在农村读小学时,他就已经知道长大后要做什么。Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。(五)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上:不用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上:是先行词不可缺少的定语,如删除,主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上:译成先行词的定语:“...的”关系词的使用上:A.作宾语时可省略B.可用thatC.可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上:用逗号“,”与主句隔开。意义上:只是对先行词的补充说明,如删除,主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上:通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上:A.不可省略B.不用thatC.不可用who代替whom5限制性定语从句举例:TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.中国是一个历史悠久的国家。InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。非限制性定语从句举例:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.中国是1949年成立的,现在正变得越来越强大。(一)限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1.当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时,或当先行词every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.所有能做的都做好了。ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.我不能为你干什么。注意:当先行词指人时,偶尔也可用关系代词who,如:Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。Allthegueststhat/whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如:ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。63.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4.当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。如:ThisistheverydictionarythatIwantto