语言学第四章chapter4

英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Chapter4Syntax英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪outline4.1Introduction4.2WordClasses4.3ThePrescriptiveApproach4.4TheDescriptiveApproach4.4.1Structuralanalysis4.4.2Immediateconstituentanalysis4.5ConstituentStructureGrammar4.6TransformationalGrammar4.7SystemicFunctionalGrammar英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.1IntroductionSyntax:studyoftheinternalstructuresofsentenceandtherulesforthecombinationofwords.DifferencebetweenmorphologyandsyntaxMorphology:theinternalstructureofwordsSyntax:thecombinationofwords英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Syntacticrules(1)a.Thehunterfearsthecriesoftheblackbirds.b.Theblackbirdsfearthecriesofthehunter.(2)a.Jacklookeduptheword.b.Jacklookedthewordup.(3)*Criesfearthetheofhunterblackbirdsthe.Conclusion:Thestructureofsentencesuchaswordordercanchangethemeaning.Everysentenceisasequenceofwordsbutnoteverysequenceofwordsisasentence.Sentenceformationhasrules,sothatwehavewell/illformedor(un)grammaticalsentences.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.2WordClassesNounsarewordsusedtorefertopeople,objects,creatures,places,events,qualities,phenomenaandabstractideasasiftheywereallthings.cats,dogs,war,wedding,courage,beauty,rain,love,hatredAdjectivesarewordsthatdescribethething,quality,stateoractionwhichanounrefersto.beautiful,redVerbsarewordsusedtorefertovariousactionsandstatesinvolvingthe“things”inevents.run,walk,seem英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Adverbsarewordsthatdescribeoraddtothemeaningofaverb,anadjective,anotheradverb,orasentence,andwhichanswersthequestionsintroducedbyhow,where,when,etc.carefully,slowly,then,nowPrepositionsarewordsusedwithnounsinphrasesprovidinginformationabouttime,placeandotherconnectionsinvolvingactionsandthings.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Pronounsarewordswhichmayreplacenounsornounphrases.Conjunctionsarewordsusedtoconnectandindicaterelationshipsbetweeneventsandthings.Articles,Exclamations,Numerals英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Thedefinitionsaboveareusefulforidentifyingmostforms,buttheyarenevercompletelyaccurate.Adifferentapproachmightfocusonsomeotherpropertiesofthewordclasses.Forexample,anouncanbedefinedasaformthatcomesafteranarticle(a,anandthe)andcantakeinflectionsforpossessive(-’s)andplural(-s).Ofcourse,notallnouns(eg.informationandmud)haveallthesecharacteristics.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪PhrasestructurerulesRepresentation(通过词性表征句法):ThehunterfearsthecriesoftheblackbirdsArt+N+V+Art+N+Prep+Art+NTheruleswhichgovernthestructureofphrasesareknownasphrasestructurerulesorrewriterules.Suchrulesallowforthegenerationofgrammaticalsentencesinalanguage.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.3ThePrescriptiveApproachDefinition:Anapproachtakenbysomegrammarians,mainlyineighteenth-centuryEngland,wholaydownrulesforthecorrector“proper”useofEnglishbyfollowingLatin.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪(a)Youmustnotsplitinfinitives.(b)Youmustnotendasentencewithapreposition.Toboldlygo.→Togoboldly.Prepositionisnotawordyoucanendasentencewith.(funny)英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.4TheDescriptiveApproachDefinition:Anapproachtakenthroughoutthe20thcenturywhichattemptstodescribetheregularstructuresofthelanguageasitisusedbycollectingsamples.Varioustechniquesmaybeemployed.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.4.1StructuralanalysisAdescriptiveapproachstudyingthedistributionoflinguisticformsinalanguagebymeansoftestframes,whichcanbesentenceswithemptyslotsinthem.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）(4)The_____makesalotofnoise.(nouns:car,radio,child,dog)(5)Ihearda_____yesterday.(nouns:car,radio,child,dog)英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪(6)_____makesalotofnoise.(nounphrases:it,thecar,adog,Peter,anewcar,thescholarwithanAmericanaccent)(7)Ihear_____yesterday.(nounphrases:it,thecar,adog,Peter,anewcar,thescholarwithanAmericanaccent)英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.4.2Immediateconstituentanalysis(Bloomfield:直接成分分析法)Languageislinearandhierarchical.Wecananalyzelanguagefromitslargestleveltothesmallestlevel,thatisfromitsconstructiontoitsconstituentsbymeansofsubstitutabilityandexpansion.Thefirstdivisionsorcutsofaconstructionarecalledimmediateconstituentsandthefinalcutsastheultimateconstituents.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Thefirstdivisionsorcutsofaconstructionarecalledimmediateconstituentsandthefinalcutsastheultimateconstituents.Theapproachtodividethesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituentsiscalledimmediateconstituentanalysis(IC).英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysis)hastwowaysofrepresentation:Treediagrambrackets英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Treediagram(8)Themanboughtacar.英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪BracketsBracketscanalsobeusedbutarearguablylesseasytoread.(9)a.[themanboughtacar]b.[[theman][boughtacar]]c.[[[the][man]][[bought][acar]]]d.[[[the][man]][[bought][[a][car]]]]英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪Merit:SolvingDisambiguityoldmenandwomen英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪4.5ConstituentStructureGrammar(成分结构语法)Agrammarwhichanalyzessentencesusingonlytheideaofconstituency,whichrevealsahierarchyofstructurallevels.Themainprincipleislabelingandbracketingbasedontheideathatlinguisticunitscanbepartsoflargerconstructionsorcanthemselvesbemadeupofsmallerparts.(binaryandverb-centered)英语语言学：第4章河南大学外语学院马应聪TreediagramBinaryVerb-centered英语语言学：第4