英语翻译技巧之反译法(negation)

翻译技巧之反译法Negation1.TransferoftheNegative(否定转移)(1).把主句的否定转移到that从句•think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine,fancy,reckon引导的从句，在英翻中时应使用否定转移E.g.Wedon’tbelievethatourmothertongueisinferiortoanyotherlanguageintheworld.我们相信，祖国的语言并不亚于世界任何其他语言。•有些动词，如assume,surmise和presume，引导的从句中，在英翻中时主句的否定不能转移到从句当中E.g.Ican’tassumethathecame.我不能假定他来了。Iassumethathecouldn’tcome.我猜想他不能来。(2).把谓语动词的否定转移到状语E.g.Romewasnotbuiltinaday.罗马非朝夕建成。Justbecauseshedoesn'tcomplainyoushouldnotsupposethatsheissatisfied.你不可只因为她不抱怨，就以为她心满意足了。(3).把句子的其他成分转移到动词E.g.Hegavemenotevenamomenttocollectmythoughts.他甚至不给我片刻时间去集中思考。2.ConversionoftheAffirmativeintotheNegative（肯定形式译成否定形式）什么是肯定形式的英语句子？--英语句子中既没有否定词，如no,not,never,none,neither,nobody,nothing,nowhere,nowise,也没有带有否定前缀或后缀的词，如dis-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-,-less.中文的肯定句又是怎样的呢？--中文的肯定句，句子中不含有“不”，“非”，“否”，“没（有）”，“未”，“别”，“勿”，“莫”，“休”，“甭”。E.g.•Takeitorleaveit.•买不买随你。•ThattimewhenwecaughtMollyIdoubledupwithlaughter.•我们抓住莫莉那一回，我笑得直不起腰来。3.ConversionoftheNegativeintotheAffirmative(否定形式译成肯定形式)(1).ConversionofEnglishWordswithNegativePrefixesorSuffixesintoAffirmativeFormsWordsNegativeFormAffirmativeFormincomplete不完全的残缺的unasked未经邀请的自告奋勇的unprecedented前所未有的空前的dislike不喜欢反感、讨厌disbelief不相信怀疑undisguised无伪装的公然、公开的E.G.•YesterdaythePresidentgaveanunpreparedspeechbeforeabigaudience.•昨天总统在大庭广众面前即席致辞。•Aren’ttheyfine,thesethreemenaregoingoffintonowherelikethat?•这三人真行，前途茫茫，就这样去了。(2).ConversionofNegativeSentencesintoAffirmatives•Myovercoatwouldnotwearout.•我的大衣十分耐穿。•Ifthatisn’twhatIwant!•我所要的就是这个呀！•Nothingismoredeceitfulthantheappearanceofhumility.•谦卑的外表是最易使人上当的。4.TranslationofEnglishQuestionsandAnswers(英语问答句译法)（1）.TranslationofAnswerstoNegativeQuestions•注意：在回答否定问句时，英汉间的差异。•Areyounotpreparedtodothiswork?•你不打算做这项工作吗？•Yes,Iam.•不，我打算做。•No,I’mnot.•是的，我不打算做。(2).TranslationofNegativeQuestions•Look,somebusesarecomingthisway,don’tyouseethem?•瞧，有几辆公共汽车往这边开来了，你看见了吗？（cf.你没看见吗？）•IlikeXiamenverymuch,don’tyou?•我很喜欢厦门，你呢？•Hewon’tgohome,butwillshe?•他不回家，那她呢？•SomequestionsinEnglishlooklikedisjunctivequestions,butactuallytheyarenot.Thestatementandquestionhavetwodifferentsubjectscoveringdifferentpersonsorthings.Intranslation,thenegationisgenerallynotexpressed.(3).TranslationofAnswerstoDisjunctiveQuestions•It’snotgoingtorain,isit?•不会下雨，是不是？•No.•是的,不会。•Yes.it’sgoingtorain.•不，会下雨的。SilentAnswers•“You’renotgoingtoschooltoday?”Mothershouteddownthestairstoherlittleone.Thechildlookedupandshookhishead.•“今天你就不上学啦？”母亲从楼上喊下来，问她的小宝贝。孩子抬起头来点了一下。(4).TranslationofRhetoricalQuestions•Thereishardlyaclear-cutlinebetweenarhetoricalquestionandageneralquestion.Contextdecideswhetheraquestionisrhetoricalorgeneral,exceptabsurdquestionssuchas“Haven’tyougoteyes?”.Arhetoricalquestion,whichthespeakerusestogainaneffect,doesnotexpectanyanswer.•Literarystyle：岂不•Modernorcolloquialstyle：难道•Isthisthepartofwisemen,engagedinagreatandarduousstruggleforliberty?Arewedisposedtobeofthenumberofthose,whohavingeyes,seenot,andhavingears,hearnot,thethingswhichsonearlyconcerntheirtemporalsalvation?•为争取自由而从事伟大而艰巨的斗争的明智人士，难道应该这样做吗？对于目前自救运动密切相关的事业视而不见、充耳不闻的人，难道我们甘心情愿与之为伍吗？(5).TranslationofIndirectNegativeQuestions•Negationcanbefoundeveninindirectquestions,whichinourmodeofexpressionshouldbeinatoneofuncertainty,suchas“是否可以……”,“能不能……”.Aliteraltranslationwillconfusethereader.•Iwonderifhecannothelpmeoutofthedifficulty.•我不知道他是否能帮我摆脱这个困境。•Iamwritingtoaskyourhelpinseeingiftheprovisionsoftheagreementcannotbeimplementedinthenextfewweeks.•兹函请惠予注意协议条款是否可在今后几周内实施。5.TranslationofVariousKindsofNegation(英语各种否定译法)(1).PartialNegation部分否定•Partialaffirmative+not:PartialnegativeE.g.Somestudentsarenothere.≈Somestudentsarehere.有些学生不在。•Not+fullnegative:PartialnegativeE.g.Notmanypeoplehavenowheretolive.≈Mostpeoplehavesomewheretolive.不是很多人没有地方住。•Not…fornothing:PartialnegativeE.g.Alltheseinvestigationsarenotdonefornothing.这些调查并不是白做的。•Fullaffirmative+not/not+fullaffirmative:PartialnegativeE.g.Amanoflearningisnotalwaysamanofwisdom.有学问的人不一定是有智慧的人。Attention!!•“allthe+noun+not”and“notallthe+noun”:fullnegationE.g.Allthemoneyintheworldwon’tmakeyouhappy.即使你拥有了世界上所有的财富，你也不会快乐。•Not…and…VSNot…or…E.g.Hedidnotspeakclearlyandcorrectly.Hedidnotspeakclearlyorcorrectly.他讲得清楚，但不正确。他讲得不清楚，也不正确。(2).Fullnegation(全部否定)•Fullnegative+affirmativepredicate:E.g.Nobodysucceeds.•Fullnegative+wordswithnegativeprefixesorsuffixes,orwordsimplyingnegation.E.g.Hewasalwaysunkind.•Not…any…E.g.Hecannotrememberanything.•SomewaystodealwithFrequently-usednegatives•“No”ismuchstrongerthan“not”.E.g.Itisnotajoke.这不是开玩笑的。Itisnojoke.这是正经事。Ihavenottakenmorethanfivecoursesthissemester.本学期我修的课程最多五门。（至多五门，也许不到。）Ihavetakennomorethanfivecoursesthissemester.本学期我只修了五门课。（=only,含“少”的意味。）•“None”ismuchstrongerthan“not”.E.g.Nonewillsayso.没有人会这样说。Onewillnotsayso.人不会这样说。•“None”canbeusedasanadverb:nonethe+comparative=innoway,notatallnonetoo=notveryE.g.Heexplainedthesentencestome,butIamnonethewiser.他向我解释了这个句子，但我仍然一点也不懂。I’mnonetoosureabouthim.我对他这个人拿不准。•Attention!!•Any,anybody,anyone,anythingcannotbeusedassubjectsinnegativesentences.•E.g.任何人都干不了这件事。Anybodycannotdoit.×Nobodycandoit.√•AnyorAnybody,ifpost-modi