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INSTRUMENTRATING14CFR14CFRPart91NTSBPart83014CFR91.3•ResponsibilityandAuthorityofPilotinCommand•DirectlyResponsibleandhasthefinalauthorityastotheoperationofanaircraft•Maydeviatefromaruleofthisparttotheextentrequiredtomeetanemergency•SendawrittenreportofthatdeviationtoanduponrequestoftheAdministrator14CFR91.21•PortableElectronicDevices–NotallowedtobeoperatedwhileanaircraftisunderIFR•Notincludedinthelistis:–Portablevoicerecorders–Hearingaids–Heartpacemakers–Electricshavers–Anyotherdevicetheoperatorhasdeterminedwillnotcauseinterferencewithnavigationorcommunicationsystemsoftheaircraft14CFR91.103•PreflightAction:NWKRAFT•(a)ForaflightunderIFR,pilotshouldknow:•N-Notams(allavailableinfoconcerningflight)•W-weatherreportsandforecasts•K-knowntrafficdelays•R–runwaylengths•A-alternativesavailable•F-fuelrequirements•T–TakeOff/LandingDistanceinfo,Section(b)14CFR91.109•FlightInstruction;SimulatedInstrumentFlightandCertainFlightTests•Section(b)Nopersonmayoperateanaircraftinsimulatedinstrumentflightunless–Safetypilot=privatepilotratedinaircraft(Category/Class)–Safetypilothasadequatevisionforwardandside–Fullyfunctioningdualcontrols14CFR91.113•Right-of-WayRules:ExceptWaterOperations•WhetherIFR(weatherconditionspermitting)orVFR,pilotincommandisstillresponsiblefor“seeingandavoiding”•Whenyoucanseeoutsideyoumustlookoutside-evenonIFRflightplan!–(Thisiswhyyouneedasafetypilotforsimulatedinstrumentflight)14CFR91.121•AltimeterSettings•Below18,000’MSL–Settoastationalongroutewithin100nm–ATCperiodicallyadvisespilotsofcurrentaltimetersetting•Atorabove18,000’MSL–29.92“FlightLevels”•Lowestusableflightlevels–determinedbyatmosphericpressuretoavoidoverlapofMSL&pressurealtitudeifcurrentaltimetersettingislowerthan29.92(seetablein91.121)14CFR91.123•CompliancewithATCClearancesandInstructions•Deviationfromclearances–emergencyexists–amendedclearanceobtained–resultantdangerimminent•PrioritybyATCinanemergency–reportwithin48hourstomanagerofparticularATCfacilityifrequested14CFR91.131•OperationsinClassBAirspace•Section(c)Communicationsandnavigationequipmentrequirements–ForIFRoperation,aircraftmustbeequippedwithanoperableVORorTACANreceiver–Foralloperations,anoperable2wayradio•Section(d)Transponderrequirement14CFR91.135•OperationsinClassAAirspace•MusthaveIFRclearance•2wayradio•Transponder•ATCcanapprovecontinuationwithfailedtransponder14CFR91.167•FuelRequirementsforFlightinIFRConditions:–tofirstairportofintendedlanding–toalternateairport(ifrequired)–45minutesatnormalcruisingspeed•AlternateisNOTneededwhen:–firstairporthasIAPAND–1-2-3ruleforecastwx–+/-1hourETA–Atleast2,000’ceiling–Atleast3SMvisibility14CFR91.169•IFRFlightPlan:InformationRequired•Section(c)IFRalternateairportstandardminimums–600’ceiling/2smforprecision–800’ceiling/2smfornonprecision–atETAatalternate•forecastWXmustallowdescentfromMEAtoairportunderbasicVFR–(checkVFRminimumsforallairspaceyouwilltransit!)WITHIAPNOIAP:14CFR91.171•VOREquipmentCheckforIFROperations•Withinpreceding30days–VOT–Ground/FlightCheckpoint–Airwaycheck–Dualsystem•Place•Amountofbearingerror•Date•Signature•Mustberecordedinaircraftlogorotherrecord14CFR91.173•ATCClearanceandFlightPlanRequired•NopersonmayoperateanaircraftincontrolledairspaceunderIFRunlessthatpersonhas–FiledanIFRflightplan,AND–ReceivedanappropriateATCclearance14CFR91.175•TakeoffandLandingUnderIFR•Section(a)useStandardInstrumentApproachProcedure(SIAP)inPart97•Section(b)AuthorizedDHorMDA-DecisionHeight-MinimumDescentAltitude14CFR91.175•Section(c)OperationBelowDHorMDA–Atleastoneoffollowingvisualreferences:–Runway,markings,lights–Threshold,markings,lights–Touchdownzone,markings,lights–REIL–VisualApproachSlopeIndicator•Theapproachlightsystem,exceptthatthepilotmaynotdescendbelow100feetabovethetouchdownzoneelevationusingtheapproachlightsasareferenceunlesstheredterminatingbarsortheredsiderowbarsarealsodistinctlyvisibleandidentifiable.14CFR91.175•Section(d)FlightVisibility(seepart1.1definition)-Flightvisibilitymeanstheaverageforwardhorizontaldistance,fromthecockpitofanaircraftinflight,atwhichprominentunlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbydayandprominentlightedobjectsmaybeseenandidentifiedbynight.14CFR91.175•Section(e)MissedApproach-ifrequirementsof(c)notmet:-Flightvisibilityatleastpublishedminimums-Aircraftinpositiontomakenormallanding-RunwayEnvironmentinsight14CFR91.175•Section(f)CivilairportTakeoffminimums-Donotapplytopart91(notforhire)-only121,125,129,135(commercialoperations)-2enginesorless-1SM-morethan2engines-½SMSection(g)MilitaryAirports•Section(h)RVR&visibility-notmathematicallyequivalent,uselegalchart!14CFR91.175•Section(i)Unpublishedroutesandradarvectoringforapproaches-Don’tdescenduntilestablishedonPUBLISHEDroutesegment•Section(j)Procedureturnlimitations-NOPT,RadarVectors,timedapproachfromholdingfix•Section(k)ILSComponents–SubstitutionsforILSpartsandpieces–CompassLocatormaysubstituteforOuterorMiddleMarkerbeacon,(howeversubstitutionnotnecessaryforinoperativeMM-minimumsdonotchange)14CFR91.177•MinimumAltitudesforIFROperations•Applicableminimums–Mountainous(2000’AGL/4