国际会计复习资料中英结合版

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国际会计复习资料中英结合版A.BasicKnowledge1.weviewaccountingasconsistingofthreebroadareas:measurement、[‘meʒəmənt](计量)disclosure[dis’kləuʒə](披露)andauditing[‘ɔ:ditiŋ](审计).2.Thethreeinternationalorganizationofaccountingprofessionare(InternationalFederationofAccountants;IFAC)(国际会计师联合会)(InternationalAccountingStandardsCommittee;IASC)(国际会计准则委员会)(InternationalAuditingpracticeCommittee;IAPC)(国际审计实务委员会)3.Hofstede’sfourculturaldimensionsare(霍夫斯泰德的四个文化层面):(1)individualism(个人主义)(2)powerdistance(权力距离)(3)uncertaintyavoidance(风险规避)(4)masculinity(阳刚之气)4.Thefourculturedimensionsthataffectanation’sfinancialreportingpracticesbyGrayreferto?阻碍一个国家的财务报告的做法的四个层面系指:(1)Professionalism(职业主义维度)(2)Uniformity(统一性维度)(3)conservatism(保守主义维度)(4)Secrecy(保密性维度)5.Accountingstandardsettingnormallyinvolvesacombinationofprivateandpublicsectorgroups.(会计准则的制定通常涉及结合私营和公共部门的群体。)6.Theprivatesectorincludestheaccountingprofessionandothergroupsaffectedbythefinancialreportingprocess.(私营部门包括会计专业和受财务报告程序阻碍的其他团体。)7.Thepublicsectorincludessuchagenciesastaxauthoritiesministriesresponsibleforcommerciallaw,andsecuritiescommissions.(公共部门,包括负责商业法的税务机关部委和证券委员会)8.Onekeydistinctioninfinancialreportingiswhetheraccountingisorientedtoward(定位于)afairpresentation(公允表述)offinancialpositionandresultsofoperationsortowardcompliancewithlegal(符合法律法规)requirementsandtaxlaws.9.ThecountrieswhoemphasizeFairnessandsubstanceoverformincludeUnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,Canada,MexicoandPhilippines.Theiraccountingsystemsareusuallyassociatedwithacommonlawlegalsystemandshareholdersastheprincipalsourceoffinance.(强调公平和实质重于形式的国家包括英国,美国,加拿大,墨西哥和菲律宾。它们的会计制度通常与一般法法律制度和股东的要紧资金来源联系。10.Countrieswhoseaccountingsystemareorientedtowardcompliancewithlegal(符合法律法规)requirementstendtohaveacodelawlegalsystemandrelyheavilyonbanksandthegovernmentsassourcesoffinance.11.AccountingintheUnitedStatesisregulatedbyaprivatesectorbodytheFinancialAccountingStandardsboard,orFASB(财务会计准则委员会),butagovernmentalagency(theSecuritiesandExchangeCommission,orSEC)(美国证券交易委员会)underpinstheauthorityofitsstandards.SEChaverighttosuperviseandrevisetothestandardfinally.在美国会计是受一个私营部门机构(财务会计标准委员会)管制的,但政府机构(美国证券交易委员会)的权威基础是其标准。美国证券交易委员会最后也有权监督和修订标准。12.ThebasiccharacteristicofUnitedKingdomAccountingpatternistherequirementtofinancialaccountingandreportisfromthecompanieslaw.(公司法)13.Theaccounting“thetrueandfair”viewappearinUnitedKingdomcompanieslaw(1948)first.(会计的“真实和公平”第一次显现在英国的公司法)13.FASBhasSevenfull-timemembers?(财务会计准则委员会有7个全职成员)14InFrance,largecompaniesmustalsopreparedocumentsrelatingtothepreventionofbusinessbankruptciesandasocialreport.(在法国,大企业也必须预备有关防止企业破产和和社会报告。的文件)15.Thefollowingthreeexchangeratescanbeusedtotranslateforeigncurrencybalancestodomesticcurrency.theyarethecurrentrate.thehistoricalrateandtheaveragerate(以下三个汇率能够用来转化外币货币为本国货币.它们是现行汇率,历史汇率和平均汇率)16.Therearefourmethodscananswerthequestionsaboveandbeusedinforeigncurrencytranslation.Concepts:1.currentratemethod(现行汇率法)2.current-noncurrentmethod(流淌性与非流淌性法)3.monetary-nonmonetarymethod(货币性与非货币性项目法)4.temporalmethod(时态法)17.Inadirectquote(直截了当标价),theexchangeratespecifiesthenumberofdomesticcurrencyunits(本国货币单位)neededtoacquireaunitofforeigncurrency.(外国货币)18.ThemajoritycountriesintheworldusethedirectquoteexceptBritishandAmerica.19.underdeferral(递延)methodtranslationgainsandlosses(外币折算损益)arelistedonthebalancesheet(资产负债表).Itisregardedasasingleitem”“Translationgains(losses)”,listatthepartof“owner’sequity”(所有者权益).22.Therearethreerecognitionprinciplesabouttherevenue(收入)thatforeigninstitutionsobtainedinforeigncountries:principleofterritorial(属地管辖),principleofpersonandworldprinciple.25.TheimportantactrelatetoBritishaccountingregulationisTheCompaniesAct.涉及到英国的会计制度最重要的法例是公司法。26.ThebasiccharacteristicofFranceAccountingPatternistaxorientedaccounting.法国会计模式的差不多特点是面向税务会计27.Therearefourmethodsbeusedinforeigncurrencytranslation:currentratemethod,current-noncurrentmethod,monetary-nonmonetarymethodandtemporalmethod.28.Currentcost-basednetincomeincludetwoparts,oneisrealizedincome(实际收入),theotherisunrealizedholdinggains(未实现的资产持有损益).31.Accountingforthefinancialstatementeffectsofgeneralprice-levelchangesiscalledtheHistoricalcost-constantpurchasingpowermodel.AccountingforspecificpricechangesisreferredtoasthecurrentcostmodelB.名词讲明1、国际税务(internationaltaxation):指两个或者两个以上的国家,在凭借其税收管辖权对同一跨国纳税人的同一项所得征税时,所形成的各国政府与跨国纳税人之间的税收征纳关系,以及国家与国家之间的税收分配关系。两个或者两个以上的主权国家,为和谐相互间的一系列税收分配关系,通过谈判而签定的一种书面税收协议或者条约。3、国际转移价格(Internationaltransferpricing):InternationalTransferPriceisdefinedasthemultinationalcorporationmanagementembarksfromtheoverallmanagementstrategictarget,forrealizationcertaingoal,soestablishesinternalsettlementpricefortheconnectiontransaction(suchasbuyingandsellinggoodsorprovidingservice)whichbetweentransnationalconnectionenterprise指跨国企业治理当局从其总体经营战略目标动身,为实现一定的目的,而为跨国关联企业之间进行的关联交易(如购销物资或者提供劳务)所设定的内部结算价格.4、国际双重课税(internationaldoubletaxation):指两个或者两个以上的国家基于各自的税收管辖权就同一征税对象在同一征税期间课征类似的税种.5.currentrateTheexchangerateineffectattherelevantfinancialstatementdate.现行汇率:有关财务报表日的实际汇率.6.functionalcurrency.Theprimarycurrencyinwhichanentitydoesbusinessandgen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