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初中语法专题时态时态的定义：作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式。（不同的时间，用不同的时态。）一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时一、一般现在时一、一般现在时：概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month…),onceaweek,onSunday,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①am/is/are+not;②谓语动词为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，加动词原型。一般疑问句：①把be动词放于句首；②用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示：肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iamateacher.AmIateacher？Iamnot./I’mnotateacher.AmInotateacher？He/Sheisateacher.Ishe/sheateacher？He/Sheisnot/isn’tateacher.Ishe/shenotateacher？或Isn’the/sheateacher？ItisMary.IsitMary？Itisnot/isn’tMary.IsitnotMary？/Isn’titMary？We/You/Theyareteachers.Arewe/you/theyteachers？We/You/Theyarenot/aren’tteachers.Arewe/you/theynotteachers？或Aren’twe/you/theyteacher？肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iwork.DoIwork？Idon’twork.DoInotwork？或Don’tIwork？He/She/Itworks.Doeshe/she/itwork？He/She/Itdoesnot/doesn’twork.Doeshe/she/itnotwork？或Doesn’the/she/itwork？We/You/Theywork.Dowe/you/theywork？We/You/Theydonot/don’twork.Dowe/you/theynotwork？或Don’twe/you/theywork？特别提示：have(has)在表示“有”时，否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或havenot(hasnot)，变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时，其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。e.g.Hassheanyexperienceinteachingpianolessons？(√)Doesshehaveanyexperienceinteachingpianolessons？(√)她有教钢琴的经验吗？Hadyouagoodtimegoinghikingyesterday？(×)Didyouhaveagoodtimegoinghikingyesterday？(√)你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗？注意：在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。e.g.Wewon’tgototheparkifitrainstomorrow.如果明天下雨，我们将不去公园。WhenIgrowup,IwillgotoAmerica.我长大后要去美国。动词第三人称单数形式变化规则规则例子一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读/s/，在浊辅音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/,在d后读/dz/。)Play→playsleave→leavesswim→swims以字母s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的词加-es，读/iz/,如果动词原形词尾已有e,则只加-s。pass→passesfix→fixesteach→teacheswish→wishesdo→does以辅音字母加y结尾的词，先变y为i,再加-es,读/z/study→studiescarry→carriesfly→flies二、一般过去时概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,thedaybeforeyesterday,lastweek(year,night,month…),in1989,justnow,attheageof5,oneday,longlongago,onceuponatime,etc.基本结构：①be动词；②行为动词否定形式：①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：①was或were放于句首；②用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。肯定句：1、was/were+其他2、谓语动词使用过去式形式，V-ed分为规则和不规则变化。表示过去经常发生的动作，也可用“usedtodo”和“would+动词原形”。肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iwasateacher.WasIateacher？Iwasnotateacher.WasInotateacher？He/Shewasateacher.Washe/sheateacher？He/Shewasnot/wasn’tateacher.Washe/shenotateacher？或Wasn’the/sheateacher？ItwasMary.WasitMary？Itwasnot/wasn’tMary.WasitnotMary？/Wasn’titMary？We/You/Theywereteachers.Werewe/you/theyteachers？We/You/Theywerenot/weren’tteachers.Werewe/you/theynotteachers？或Weren’twe/you/theyteacher？肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式Iworked.DidIwork？Ididnot/didn’twork.DidInotwork？或Didn’tIwork？He/She/Itworked.Didhe/she/itwork？He/She/Itdidnot/didn’twork.Didhe/she/itnotwork？或Didn’the/she/itwork？We/You/Theyworked.Didwe/you/theywork？We/You/Theydidnot/didn’twork.Didwe/you/theynotwork？或Didn’twe/you/theywork？构成规则例子一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读/t/；在浊辅音和元音后读/d/；在/t/,/d/后读/id/。look→lookedplay→playedwork→worked结尾是e的动词在末尾加-dlike→likedlive→livedhope→hoped末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-edplan→plannedstop→stoppeddrop→dropped结尾是“辅音字母＋y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-edstudy→studiedworry→worriedcry→cried三、现在进行时1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now,atthistime,days,look.listen等时间状语做标志。3.基本结构：主语+be+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+be+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.使用情况1)、现在（说话的瞬间）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻”。E.g.Heisreading.Theyaretalkingnow.2)、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。E.g.Theyareworkingthesedays.3)、某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的计划或即将发生的动作。E.gIamcoming.肯定式Iamworking.We/You/Theyareworking.He/She/Itisworking.疑问式AmIworking？Arewe/you/theyworking？Ishe/she/itworking？否定式Iamnotworking.We/You/Theyarenotworking.或We/You/Theyaren’tworking.He/She/Itisnotworking.或He/She/Itisn’tworking.疑问否定式AmInotworking？Arewe/you/theynotworking？或Aren’twe/you/theyworking？Ishe/she/itnotworking？或Isn’the/she/itworking？现在分词的变法有：1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing,E.g.jump---jumping2)、以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加-ing.E.ghave---havingwrite---writing3)、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上-ing.E.g.sit------sittingput-------putting四、过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：atthistimeyesterday,atthattime或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构主语+was/were+doing+其他4.否定形式：主语+was/were+not+doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）其句式变化仍然要在be上做文章。肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I/He/She/Itwasworking.WasI/he/she/itworking？I/He/She/Itwasnotworking.或I/he/she/itwasn’tworking.WasI/he/she/itnotworking？或Wasn’tI/he/she/itworking？We/You/Theywereworking.Werewe/you/theyworking？We/You/Theywerenotworking.或We/You/Theyweren’tworking.Werewe/you/theynotworking？或Weren’twe/you/theyworking？过去进行时常与过去某一特定时间的状语连用，如lastnight,atthattime,atnoonyesterday,lastSunday等。也有时没有时间状语，要通过上下文的暗示来确定用过去进行时。五、一般将来时构成:1、will,shall+动词原形，其中shall只用于第一人称,will可以用于所有人称。肯定式疑问式否定式疑问否定式I/Weshallwork.ShallI/wework？I/Weshallnotwork.ShallI/wenotwork？I/We/You/They/He/She/Itwillwork.WillI/we/you/they/he/she/itwork？I/We/You/They/He/She/Itwillnotwork.WillI/we/you/they/he/she/itnotwork？2、begoingto表示将来：begoingto结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事，必然或很可能发生的事，也用来表示自然现象。e.g.I’mgoingtogathersomematerialsaboutPicasso.我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。It’sgoingtobeafinedayforsurfingtomorrow.明天将会是冲浪的好天气。3、bedoing表示将来。常用于这种结构的动词有go,come,leave,start,be