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HistoryAndAnthologyOfAmericanLiteraturePartITheLiteratureofColonialAmericaTheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans,French,Spaniards,Italians,andPortuguese,ThefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607.Atlastearlyinthe17thcentury,theEnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusettsbeganthemainstreamofwhatwerecognizeastheAmericanhistory.TwoImportantNewEnglandSettlements：ThePlymouthColony(TheMayflowerCompact);TheMassachusettsBayColony(TheArbellacovenant）ThefirstAmericanwritings：ThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesesettlements.(wroteindiariesandinjournals)CaptainJohnSmith(1580-1631)wasthefirstAmericanwriterandhepublishedeightinall.Hisworksalwayshaslongtitles.EarlyNewEnglandLiterature1)Aliteratureofideas:NewEnglandhadfromthebeginningaliteratureofideas:theological,moral,historical,political.2)Theocracy:ThefirstintentioninMassachusettswastofoundatheocracy—asocietyinwhichGodwouldgovernthroughthechurch.Thechurchthusbecamethesupremepoliticalbody.3)ThePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting:Overtheyearsthepuritansbuiltawayoflifethatwasinharmonywiththeirsomberreligion,onethatstressedhardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.ThesewerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting,includingthesermons,books,andlettersofsuchnotedPuritanclergymanasJohnCottonandCottonMather.4)TheAmericanpoets:TheAmericanpoetswhoemergedinthe17thcenturyadaptedthestyleofestablishedEuropeanpoetstothesubjectmatterconfrontedinastrange,newenvironment.AnneBradstreetwasonesuchpoet.WilliamBradford(威廉·布拉德福德):firstgovernorofPlymouth.HewroteTheHistoryofPlymouthPlantation.ThePilgrimFathers:EnglishPuritanswhowenttoAmericain1620andfoundedthecolonyofPlymouth,MassachusettsJohnWinthrop(约翰·温思罗普):firstgovernoratBoston.HewroteTheHistoryofNewEngland.PuritanThoughts:1.WhatwasaPuritan?The“Puritan”was“awould-bepurifier”.Puritanswantedtomakepuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.2.WhatdidthePuritanswanttodo?ThePuritanswishedtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheology.TheyfeltthattheChurchofEnglandwastooclosetotheChurchofRomeindoctrine,formofworship,andorganizationofauthority.AnotherpointofcontroversywasthattheChurchofEnglandwastheestablishedchurch,thatis,theofficialchurchofthestate,andthemostextremePuritans,amongthemthePlymouthPlantationgroup,felttheinfluencesofpoliticsandthecourthadledtocorruptionwithinthechurch.3.WhatkindofpeoplewerethePuritans?PuritansincludepeoplefromthehumblesttotheloftiestranksofEnglishsociety,botheducatedanduneducated,poorandrich.Puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartshassometimesbeenexaggerated,butitistruethattheirlivesweredisciplinedandhard.Puritanstendedtosuspectjoyandlaughterassymptomsofsin.PuritanreligiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGodandtoforgethismercy.Puritanism(thepracticesanddoctrinesofthePuritans)wasthestrongestintheNewEnglandregionandhadgreatinfluenceuponitshistory,itspeopleanditsliterature.JohnCottonandRogerWilliams:`contradictoryexamplesofPuritansJohnCotton约翰·科登ThefirstmajorintellectualspokesmanoftheMassachusettsBayColony,sometimescalled“thePatriarchofNewEngland”.RogerWilliams罗杰·威廉姆斯WithWilliamsbeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica,andwithhim,too,thehistoryoftheseparationofchurchandstate.Williamsadvocatedthefreedomofbelief.InhimwehaveabalancetoJohnCotton.AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒AnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.AnneDudleyBradstreetisoneofthemostinterestingoftheearlypoets.Bradstreet’sfirstpublishedworkappearedinLondon:TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica.EdwardTaylor:PuritanPreacherandPoetThebestofthePuritanpoetswasEdwardTaylor.HisworkfollowedthestyleandformsoftheleadingEnglishpoetsofthemid-seventeenthcentury.PartIITheLiteratureofReasonandRevolution(18th)Twohistoricalevent:I.TheAmericanWarforIndependence1775-1783II.EnlightenmentTheologydominatedthePuritanphaseofAmericanwriting.Politicswasnowthegreatsubjecttocommandtheattentionofthebestminds.BenjaminFranklin(本杰明·富兰克1706-1790)Representativeworks:1.PoorRichard’sAlmanac;2.TheAutobiography:Anintroductionofhislifetohisownson,includingfourpartswrittenindifferenttimes.Thefirstsuccessstoryofself-madeAmericans;ThomasPaine（托马斯·佩因1737-1809）:RevolutionaryWarpatriotandpamphleteer.Majorworks:1.TheCaseoftheOfficersoftheExcise(1772);2.CommonSense(1776);3.TheAmericanCrisis(1776-1783);4.TheRightsofMan(1791-92).ThomasJefferson(托马斯·杰弗逊1743-1826):AuthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.TheDeclarationofIndependencewasanactoftheSecondContinentalCongress,adoptedonJuly4,1776,whichdeclaredthattheThirteenColoniesinNorthAmericawereFreeandIndependentStates.PhilipFreneau(菲利浦·弗瑞诺1752-1832)PhilipMorinFreneauwasanAmericanpoet,essayist,andjournalist.RememberedasthepoetoftheAmericanRevolutionandthefatherofAmericanpoetry,hewasatransitionalfigureinAmericanliterature.“TheWildHoneySuckle”Hisnaturepoem,“TheWildHoneySuckle”,isconsideredanearlyseedtothelaterTranscendentalistmovementtakenupbyWilliamCullenBryant,RalphWaldoEmerson,andHenr