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LectureThreeBasicConceptsofWordsContentsDefinitionofaWord…1223MorphologicalStructureofWordsClassificationofWordsContentsDefinitionofaWord…1223MorphologicalStructureofWordsClassificationofWords1.DefinitionofaWordI.DefinitionofaWord…Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.2.DefinitionofVocabularyVocabularyisthewholesetofwordsofalanguage.Aperson'svocabularyisthesetofwordswithinalanguagethatarefamiliartothatperson.Vocabularycanbedividedintolisteningvocabulary,speakingvocabulary,readingvocabularyandwritingvocabulary.---thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage---allthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod,e.g.Old(Middle,Modern)Englishvocabulary.---allthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineorthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.Vocabulary3.DefinitionofGlossaryAglossary,likeasmalldictionarywithalphabeticitems,isalistofwordsinacertainbook,essay,text,etc.fortheconvenienceofthereaderorlearnertofindoutthemeaning,sound,andusageofsomedifficultwords.4.DefinitionofLexicalItemAlexicalitem(orlexicalunit,lexicalentry)isasinglewordorachainofwordsthatformsthebasicelementsofalanguage'slexicon(≈vocabulary).Examplesare“cat,trafficlight,takecareof,bytheway”,and“it'srainingcatsanddogs”.Lexicalitemscanbegenerallyunderstoodtoconveyasinglemeaning,butarenotlimitedtosinglewords.Theentirestoreoflexicalitemsinalanguageiscalleditslexis.Lexicalitemscomposedofmorethanonewordarealsosometimescalledlexicalchunks,lexicalphrases,lexicalunits,etc.ContentsDefinitionofaWord…1223MorphologicalStructureofWordsClassificationofWordsHowisanEnglishwordformed?•E.g.disagreeabledisagreeable(byletter)dis·a·gree·a·ble(bysyllable)dis+agree+able(bymorpheme)•Whatisthedifferencebetween“morpheme”and“syllable”?•Syllable:hasnothingtodowithmeaningMorpheme:two-facet→bothsoundandmeaningII.MorphologicalStructureofWords•Morpheme=morph+emeform+thesmallestunit•Morpheme:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguagesmallest:notdivisibleintosmallerformsmeaningful:carrymeaning(lexicalandgrammatical)E.g.denationalizationdenationalization=de+nation+al+iz+ation•Amorphemeisatwo-facetlanguageunit:soundandmeaning1.WhatIsMorpheme?Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitinthegrammarofalanguage.II.MorphologicalStructureofWords(1)freemorpheme(=asimpleword:e.g.oil,ask,meal,desk,good)(=afreeroot)(2)boundmorphemeMORPHEMEderivationalaffix派生词缀:un-,re-,-ful,-lessinflectionalaffix粘附词缀:-s,-ed,estboundroot粘附词根affixes词缀prefix前缀suffix后缀(1)Afreemorphemeisasmalllinguisticunitwithmeaningassignedtoit(i.e.amorpheme)thatcanexistonitsowne.g.time,air,bed.(2)Aboundmorphemeisasmalllinguisticunitwithmeaningassignedtoit(i.e.amorpheme)thatcannotexistonitsowne.g.-ed,-s,-ing,-er,-en.A.Aninflectionalmorpheme(屈折)isamorphemethatisusedtoinflectaword.e.g.whitecanbeinflectedwiththemorphemes-r(whiter)and-est(whitest).B.Aderivationalmorpheme(派生)isamorphemethatisusedtocreatederivationsofwords.e.g.whitecanformthederivationwhitenbyadding-nmorpheme.(Inflection:grammaticalchangewithoutchangingitsfundamentalmeaning.)(Derivation:semanticchangewithitsmeaningchanged,evenitspartofspeech.Anotherexample:use+ful=useless.)E.g.•Pluralmarker:pens,oxen,feet•Genitivecase:Jame’s•Verbalendings:works,working,worked,bought,said•Comparativeandsuperlativedegree:slower,slowestInflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)tobeaddedtoanothermorphemetoderiveanewwordFeatures：1)toderiveanewword2)havingaspecificlexicalmeaning(somealsoaffectivemeaning)3)sometobeattachedtowordsofdifferentwordclassesDerivationalaffixes（派生词缀）E.g.minicarmeannessmodernizeSocialismprocommunistdecodedevaluewashablemisleadmalabsorptionpseudo-democraticusefulwidelychildishlovelydrinkableunnecessaryDerivationalaffixes（派生词缀）Allomorphs(词素变体)•variousshapesorformsofamorpheme•donotdifferinmeaningorfunction•conditionedbypositionoradjoiningsoundsE.g.(1)changesinspellingA)works,teachesB)incorrectimpoliteillogicalirrationalC)booksbrushes(2)Changesinsoundbook→books/-s/pig→pigs/-z/horse→horses/-iz/Whatis“root”?Root:•thebasicunchangeablepartofaword,•conveyingthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.E.g.(1)freerootswork,workable,worker,worked,working,workshopE.g.(2)boundrootscontain,detain,retain(tain=hold)conceive,deceive,receive(ceive=take)revive,vitamin,vital,vivacious,vivid(vit,viv=life/tolive)•1.Afreemorphemeisaword.•2.Awordisafreemorpheme.•3.Afreemorphemeisaroot.•4.Arootisafreemorpheme.•5.Aboundmorphemeisanaffix.•6.Anaffixisaboundmorpheme.•1.T•2.F•3.T•4.F•5.F•6.Tamini-test•1.Amonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle_____morpheme.A.affixB.rootC.freeD.bound•2.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor_____.A.lexicalitemB.rootC.morphemeD.allomorph•3.Structurallya_____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage.A.morphemeB.stemC.wordD.compound•4.Unlikeaffixes,_____areoftenfreemorphemes.A.suffixesB.prefixesC.inflectionalmorphemesD.rootsKey:CBADContentsDefinitionofaWord…1223MorphologicalStructureofWordsClassificationofWords1)Intermsoforigin2)Intermsoffrequencyofuse3)Intermsofstyle4)Intermsofnotion5)IntermsofmotivationIII.ClassificationofWordsFiveTypesofClassification1.Intermsoforigin1)Nati