Lecture7-英语专业学习《英语词汇学》课件

1Lecture7WordMeaning(词的意义)讲授题目：WordMeaning所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第5章计划学时：2periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，让学生对词的意义、词义的理据和词义的类别等知识有基本的了解和认识。2Lecture7WordMeaning教学重点：①Somebasicnotions:meaning,reference,conceptandmotivation;②Semantictriangle;③Fourtypesofmotivations④Classificationofwordmeaning教学难点：①Fourtypesofmotivations②Classificationofwordmeaning3Lecture7WordMeaningInthepreviouslecture,wetouchedupontheconceptofwordmeaning.Weknowthatawordisthecombinationofformandmeaning.Byformwemeanbothitspronunciationandspelling.Meaningiswhattheformstandsfor.4Lecture7WordMeaningTherearesomerelatedconceptswhichneedfurtherexplanation.Inaddition,weshalldiscussdifferenttypesofmeaninginthislecture.1.Meaning“Meaning”referstotheassociationoflanguagesymbolswiththerealworld.51.Meaning—“意义”指的是语言符号与客观世界的一种关联。客观事物反映在人脑中，产生感觉(sensation)、知觉(perception)、表象(representation)；人脑把三者加以概括和抽象，形成概念(concept)。人用语言形式把概念固定下来，成为人们交流思想的符号(sign)，这就是有一定意义的词。也就是说，词的意义是“人”赋予的。英国语言学家--EricPartridge(帕特里奇)说过，“Wordshavenomeaning;peoplehavemeaningforthem”（词本无义，人赋予之）。6Wordmeaning2.Referent----referentistheobject,etc.,intheworldofexistence.3.ConceptConceptwhichisbeyondlanguageistheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Itisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.Thesameconceptcanbeexpressedindifferentwords.73.Concept——概念是指语言以外的东西，是人类认识的结果，是客观事实在人脑中的反映。概念对所有人类都一样，没有文化、种族、语言等方面的区别，而意义只属于语言，所以仅限于语言的使用中。（因此，一个概念在世界上有多少种语言就有多少种不同的表达法。）84.Sense(语义/意思)‘Sense’denotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.Thesenseofanexpressionisnotathing,itisanabstraction.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreferent).Forexample,probable,nearly,if,but,yes,noneofwhichrefertoanythingintheworld,allhavesomesense.9WordMeaningMeaning(Concept)意义（概念）Word•Triangleofsignificance（词义三角）FormReferent所指对象………….10Thesemantictriangle奥德根和理查德提出的“语义三角”的基本观点是：第一，词的所指有两方向----“形式”和“意义（概念）”。“形式”→语音形式﹙pronunciation﹚和书面形式﹙spelling﹚;词的“意义（概念）”,也就是人们平时所说的意思﹙内容﹚。每个词都有既定的形式和意义。两方面缺一不可，并统一体现在每个词中。第二，词的“意义（概念）与所指对象（客体）发生直接联系。一方面，词义在客观世界中是有所指的；另一方面，“形式”与对象（客体）经并不存在直接联系。它们之间的关系要求助于“意义（概念）”。所以，形式（字词）与所指对象之间用虚线。11Lecture7WordMeaningwhat’sinaname?ThatwhichwecallaroseBytheothernameWouldsmellassweet-----shakespeare12Lecture7WordMeaning名称本无意此物谓玫瑰若以他名易香气亦相宜135.motivationMotivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.——词的理据讨论的是语言符号和意义之间的联系。也就是说明词义与客观事物或现象的命名之间的依据。14Motivation(词义的理据)Asweknow,therelationshipbetweentheword-fromandmeaningisconventionalandarbitrary,andmostwordscanbesaidtobenon-motivated.Thatis,theconnectionofthesignandmeaningdoesnothavealogicalexplanation.However,doeshavewordswhosemeaningcanbeexplainedtoacertainpoint.Mostwords:non-motivatedSomewords:transparentandreasonablyexplicable15Lecture7WordMeaning1)OnomatopoeicMotivation(拟声理据)InmodernEnglishonemayfindsomewordswhosesoundssuggesttheirmeanings,forthesewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.Forexample,bow-wow——汪汪(犬吠声);bang(砰);cuckoo(布谷鸟);tick-tuck——嘀嗒声(钟表声);haha,etc.161)OnomatopoeicMotivationwoof-woof(汪汪）ofadogthemoo（哞）ofacowthemiaowofacatthebangofadoorthecrack（啪）ofapistolshot17Lecture7WordMeaning2)MorphologicalMotivation(形态/构词理据)compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.18Lecture7WordMeaningQuiteoften,ifoneknowsthemeaningofeachmorpheme,onecanfigureoutthemeaningoftheword.Forinstance,airmail(航空信)meansto‘mailbyair’,reading-lampisthe‘lampforreading’,miniskirtisa‘asmall、shortskirt’andhopelessmeans‘withouthope’.19Lecture7WordMeaningItshouldbepointedoutthattherearealotofwordswhosestructuresareopaque,i.e.theirmeaningsarenotthecombinationsoftheseparateparts.Blackmarket,forexample,isbynomeansthe‘marketblackincolor’,butitrefersto‘illegalsellingandbuying’.Likewise,greenhornisnot‘thehorngreenincolor’,but‘anewcomer’.202)MorphologicalMotivationNotallcompoundsaremorphologicallymotivatedeggplant,Indiansummer,dogdays（茄子，小阳春，伏天）21Lecture7WordMeaning3)SemanticMotivation(语义理据)Semanticmotivationreferstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.22Lecture7WordMeaning——语义理据指由词的概念意义所暗示的联想意义。这种理据解释词的文字意义和比喻意义之间的联系。e.g.Whenwesay‘themouthofariver’,weassociatetheopeningpartoftheriverwiththemouthofahumanbeingorananimal.Inthesentence‘Heisfondofthebottle’,bottleremindsoneofwhatiscontainedinside.233)SemanticMotivationastonyheartthehourhandtheminutehandthelegofatable24常用的主要手段:A.metaphor(without‘like’‘as’)隐喻e.g.Lifeisashortsummer.e.g.Alltheworldisastage.B.metonymy(借代)Thecrown-kingTheCambridgeintheEastZhejiangUniv.C.Synecdoche(提喻)Apartrepresentsthewhole,orviceversaTheWhiteHouseAmericangovernment25Lecture7WordMeaning4)EtymologicalMotivation(词源理据)Themeaningsofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwords,thehistoryofthewordexplainsthemeaningoftheword.26Lecture7WordMeaningForexample,nowpeopleusepenforanywritingtoolthoughitoriginallydenotes‘feather’,becausebeforemodernpenswerecreated,featherwerecommonlyusedaswritingtool.T