Lecture10《英语词汇学》学习课件

1Lecture10ChangesinWordmeaning讲授题目：ChangesinWordMeaning所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第10章计划学时：2periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》所属章节：教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生应对词义变化的种类、词义演变的原因和过程有较好的了解和认识。2Lecture10ChangesinWordmeaning教学重点：1)Typesofchanges;2)Causesofchanges.教学难点：Sixmajortypesofchanges:1)Extension;2)Narrowing;3)Elevation;4)Degradation;5)Transfer;5)Euphemism.3Lecture10Typeofchanges※Vocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinformandcontent.Comparatively,thecontentisevenmoreunstablethantheform.Ofcourse,somemeaningsremainmuchthesameforalongtimebecausethereferentstowhichtheydirectdonotchange.4Lecture10Typeofchanges※Changinginwordmeaninghasneverceasedsincethelanguagecameintobeingandwillcontinueinthefuture.Yetnoonehasbeenabletosystemizethewaysinwhichchangesoccur.However,thereareafewpatternsthatchangesfollow.Thislecturewilldiscussinsomedetailthemajorpatternsandthecausesofchanges.5TypesofChangeExtensionofMeaningNarrowingofMeaningElevationofMeaningDegradationofMeaningTransferenceofMeaningEuphemism6ExtensionofMeaning词义的扩大Generalization/WideningofMeaningItisaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralizedorhasextendedtocoverabroaderandoftenlessdefiniteconcept.一个原本具有特殊(具体)意义的单词的词义被延伸，范围扩大，从而指代一种普遍意义语义变化过程。7Manuscript(original)Handwriting(writingbyhandonly)(手稿)(present)Anyauthor’swritingwhetherwrittenbyhandortypedwithatype-writeroraword-processor(原稿)Salary(original)asumofmoneygiventoRomansoldierstoenablethemtobuysalt(政府按时发给古罗马军人一些买盐的钱)(present)fixedpaymentmadebyemployeratregularintervalstoemployees(薪水)8Lecture10Typeofchangesmill(original)placeforgrinding；(present)placewherethingsareground/made.journal(original)dailypaper;(present)periodicalbonfire(original)fireonbones(present)afireintheopenbyburninganythingbutcher(original)onewhokillsgoats(present)onewhokillsanimals91)Sheissuchaprettylittlething.2)Ihavetopackmythingsforthejourney.3)ThereisanotherthingIwanttoaskyouabout.4)Thatonlymakesthingsworse.5)Thethingis,canwefinishthejobintime?“Thing”whichusedtomean“apublicassembly”or“acouncil”inAnglo-Saxontimes,nowhasbecomeanall-purposeword.1.AlargeproportionofpolysemicwordsofmodernEnglishhavetheirmeaningsextendedsometimeinthecourseofdevelopment.Somewordsaregeneralizedtosuchadegreethattheycanmeanalmosteverything.102.Generalizationofmeaningisalsofoundinmanytechnicalterms,whichareconfinedtospecializeduse.allergic(original)toosensitivetomedicine患过敏症的(present)averseordisinclinedto反感的；厌恶的alibi(original)alegaltermsignifying“thepleathattheaccusedisnotattheplacewhenthecrimeiscommitted”(被告人不在犯罪现场的证明)(present)excuse(借口)113.Thechangesinmeaningaregradual,andwordsarenotchangedinaday.Lady(thehostess---noblewoman---well-cultivatedwoman---woman)12Narrowing/specialization词义的缩小Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarroworspecializedsense.Inotherwords,awordwhichusedtohaveamoregeneralsensebecomesrestrictedinitsapplicationandconveysaspecialconceptinpresent-dayEnglish.把词义范围较广的词缩小，表示特指，即过去具有普遍意义的词变化后，现在仅仅表达特殊意义。13ExampleOriginalMeaningMeaningafterNarrowingmeatfood食物fleshofanimals肉diseasediscomfort不适illness疾病wifewoman妇女marriedwoman妻子accidentevent事件unfortunateevent事故14Lecture10Typeofchangespill(各种药片）→避孕药片（contraceptivepills)undertaker(承担者、承办人）→承办丧葬的人、殡仪员room(空间、地方）→(有限空间)房间probe（调查、检验）→宇宙探测器side(旁边、侧面）→（人体）肋部memory（记忆）→(计算机）存储器recovery(恢复）→（航天器的）回收garage(任何储存东西的地方）→存放汽车的地方→车库15Narrowing/specialization词义的缩小1.Whenacommonwordisturnedintoapropernoun,themeaningisnarrowedaccordingly.•“theCity”means“thebusinesscenterofLondon”•“theProphet”standsfor“Mohammed”16Narrowing/specialization词义的缩小2.Foreconomy,somephrasesareshortenedandonlyoneelementoftheoriginal,usuallyanadjective,islefttoretainthemeaningofthewhole.Suchadjectiveshavethustakenonspecializedmeanings.ageneral=ageneralofficeraneditorial=aneditorialarticle173.Somematerialnounsareusedtorefertoobjectsmadeofthemandthushaveamorespecificsense.silversilverdollarglassacup-likecontaineroramirrorirondeviceforsmoothingclothes18TypeofchangesBothextensionandnarrowingofmeaningaretalkingaboutthechangesinconceptualmeaning.Nextwewilltalkaboutthechangesinassociativemeaning.19ElevationofMeaning词义的升华Itistheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.Somewordsearlyintheirhistorysignifysomethingquiteloworhumble,butchangeastimegoesbytodesignatesomethingagreeableorpleasant.词义的升华指词由贬义或中性转变为褒义。即，有些词在历史上表示“卑微、下贱”之义，随着时间的推移转为“惬意的，愉快的”。20Lecture10TypeofchangesWordOldMeaningElevatedMeaningangelmessengermessengerofGodknightservantrankbelowbaronetgovernorpilotheadofastateministerservantheadofaministrysuccessresultachievement/accomplishmentmarshalkeeperofhorseshigh-rankingarmyofficerniceignorant→foolish→pleasant/delightful21Degradation/Pejoration词义的降格Itisaprocesswherebywordsofgoodoriginoraffectivemeaningfallintoillreputationorcometobeusedinaderogatorysense.这是一个词由原先表示中性意义或褒义转为表示贬义的过程。sillyblessedandhappy---innocent----simpleorsimple-minded----foolishsadfull,satisfied,contented-----calm------serious----sorrowf