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1Lecture6SenseRelations讲授题目：SenseRelations所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》之第6、7章计划学时：2periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，力求使学生对词义关系等基本理论有所了解，并能领会和运用。2Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsWhataresenserelations(语义关系)?Wordsarearbitrarysymbolsandareindependentidentitiessofarasheirouterfacet---spellingandpronunciation,isconcerned.Butsemantically,allwordsarerelatedinonewayoranother,hencesenserelations.Inlightofsenserelations,wordscanbeclassifiedsemantically.3Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsInthislecture,wewilldiscusspolysemy、homonymy,synonymyandantonymy.1.Polysemy(多义关系)Polysemyisacommonfeaturetoallnaturallanguages.ThisisparticularlytrueofhighlydevelopedlanguageslikeEnglish.InmodernEnglish,anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous.However,whenawordisfirstcoined,itisalwaysmonosemic.Butinthecourseofdevelopment,thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings.Theresultispolysemy.4Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations1)TwoapproachestothepolysemyVariousmeaningofthesamewordcanbedealtwithfromtwodifferentangles:diachronicapproachandsynchronicapproach.①Diachronicapproach:5Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations从历时的观点来看，多义关系是一个词的语义结构发展变化的结果。在一个词创造之初，它只有一个意思，这个意思称为原始意义（Primarymeaning）。随着时间的推移和语言的发展，词就取得了越来越多的意思。这些后来发展的意义叫做派生意义（derivedmeanings）。6试以face为例(WNWD)(1)thefrontofthehead头的前部(2)thefacialexpression面部表情(3)asurfaceofathing表面(4)thesideorsurfacethatismarked,asofaclock,etc.正面(5)theappearance;outwardaspect外表(6)[CHidom]dignity;self-respect,asinlose/saveface(汉语成语)面子，如丢脸/保全面子(6)thetopography(ofanarea)地形(6)thefunctionalandstrikingsurface(ofatool,golfclub,etc.)出面(9)[colloq]effrontery;audacity(口)厚脸皮(10)Whatisshownbythelanguageofadocument,withoutexplanationandaddition(文件的)字面(11)(mining)theendofatunnel,drift,etc.whereworkisbeingdone.(煤矿等的)采掘面(12)thetypesurfaceonwhichaletterisout版面7Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations在以上所列出的face的12个意义中，义项(1)是原始意义，其余都是派生意义。这些意义都是按扩展、缩小、类比、引用等方法产生的。②Synchronicapproach从共时的角度来看，多义关系可以认为是一个词的各种意义在某一历史时期（比如现代英语）的共存。以这样的眼光来审视，一个词的基本意义就是词义的核心，叫核心义（centralmeaning）。派生义，不管有多少，都是次要的，外围的。8Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations在以上face的例子中，义项(1)是核心义，其余11项都是次要意义（secondarymeaning）。2)TwoProcessesofDevelopmentThedevelopmentofword-meaningfrommonosemytopolysemyfollowstwocourses,traditionallyknownasradiation(辐射型)andconcatenation(连锁型).9Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations①Radiationisasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanother,butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning.Ifwegiveagraphicdescriptionofthemeaningsofface,itwouldlookverymuchlikeawheelofthebicycle.10Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsRadiationofmeaningsofface11Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations②Concatenation——meaning‘linkingtogether’,itdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.Inmanycases,thereisnodirectconnectionbetweenthefirstsenseandthelatestsense.Takethewordcandidateforexample:12Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations(1)white-robed白色长袍的(2)officeseekerinwhitegowns穿着长袍的求职者(3)apersonwhoseeksanoffice申请求职者(4)apersonproposedforaplace,award,etc.候选人13Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsGenerallyspeaking,radiationandconcatenationarecloselyrelated,inmanycases,thetwoprocessesworktogether,complementingeachother.2.Homonymy(同形异义关系或同音异义关系)Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinspellingorsound.14Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsBasedonthedegreeofsimilarity,homonymsfallintothreeclasses:(1)Perfecthomonyms(完全同形同音异义词)arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning,e.g.bank—n.theedgeoftheriver,lake,etc.岸bank—n.anestablishmentformoneybusiness银行15Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsbear——n.alarge,heavyanimal熊bear——v.toputupwith忍受(2)Homographs(同形异音异义词)arewordsidenticalonlyspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning,e.g.bow——n.bendingtheheadasagreeting鞠躬bow——n.thedeviceusedforshootingarrows弓16Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationssow——v.toscatterseeds播种sow——n.femaleadultpig母猪(3)Homophones(同音异形异义词)arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning,e.g.dear——n.alovedperson亲爱的（人）deer——n.akindofanimal鹿17Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsright——a.correct正确的write——v.putdownonpaperwithapen写rite——n.aceremonialprocedure礼仪(4)RhetoricFeaturesofHomonyms18Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relationsAshomonymsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,particularlyhomophones,theyareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectofhumor,sarcasmorridicule.e.g.①“Youarenoteatyourfish,”thewaitresssaidtohim.“Longtimenosea,”themanreplied.—‘Longtimenosea’impliesthat‘seafoodkeptforalongtimeisnotfitforeating’.Herethecustomercleverlyemployedthestructureoftheidiom(longtimenosee)tocriticizeinahumorouswaythebadqualityofthefoodservedattherestaurant.19Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations②“OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.”3.Synonymy(1)Definitionofsynonyms①Synonymscanbedefinedaswordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.20Lecture6Sense（Meaning）relations②‘OneoftwoormorewordsintheEnglishlanguagewhichhavethesameorverynearlythesameessentialmeani