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第一课IV.paraphrase1.Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivitywhichisfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.(Animalsandbirdsarenotcapableofconversation.)2.Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideaorpointofview.//Inaconversationweshouldnottrytoestablishtheforceofanideaorargument.3.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,apersonwhoreallyenjoysandisskilledatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthispointofview.4.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedorengrossedineachother’slives.5.itcouldstillgoignorantlyonTheconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong6.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeefTheseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinginthefields;butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat.Wecalltheirmeatbeef．7.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeitdifficultfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.(新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。)8.…Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.TheEnglishlanguagereceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.9.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.Thephrase,theKing’sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.//Theworkingpeopleveryoftenmakefunoftheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。10.Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.Therestillexistsintheworkingpeople,asintheearlySaxonpeasants,aspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。11.Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,that“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.”Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.(Forexample,theword“dog”isasymbolrepresentingakindofanimal.)正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，“对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物”。第二课IV.Paraphrase1.Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.Theburying-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.2.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).3.Theyriseoutoftheearth,theyseatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard.Theyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.4.acarpentersitscross-leggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightingspeed.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.5.Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJew.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.6….everyoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury.EveryoneofthesepoorJewstreatedthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.7.Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.8.Inatropicallandscapeone’seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeing.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.9.NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareasalthoughthetripsareinexpensive.10…fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendless,backbreakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofanerodedsoil.Lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople．Withhardbackbreakingworkingtheycanproducealittlefoodonthepoorsoil．11．Sheacceptedherstatusasanoldwoman,thatistosay,asabeastofburden.Shetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity，thatshewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal．12．Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible．13．Theirsplendidbodieswerehiddeninreach-me-downkhakiuniforms,…TheSenegalessoldierswerewearingready—madekhakiuniformswhichhidtheirbeautifulwell—builtbodies．14．Howlongbeforetheyturntheirgunsintheotherdirection.Howmuchlongerbeforetheyturntheirgunsaroundandattackus?15．Everywhitemantherehadthisthoughtstowedsomewhereorotherinhismind.Everywhiteman,theonlookers,theofficersontheirhorsesandthewhiteN．C．Os,marchingwiththeblacksoldiers,hadthisthoughthiddensomewhereorotherinhismind．第三课Paraphrase1.Andyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobe…OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartomaintainthatallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadgiventhemcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.Buttodaythisissuehasnotyetbeendecidedinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.2.Thismuchwepledge---andmore.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.3.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Uni