胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part4

Chapter2SpeechSound2.1SpeechProductionandPerception2.2SpeechOrgans2.3Segments,DivergenceandPhoneticTranscription2.4Consonants2.5Vowels2.6Co-articulationandPhoneticTranscription2.7PhonologicalAnalysis2.8PhonemesandAllophones2.9PhonologicalProcesses2.10DistinctiveFeatures2.11Syllables2.12Stress2.1SpeechProductionandPerceptionThreemainareasofthestudyofsounds:ArticulatoryPhoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.AcousticPhoneticsisthestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech.AuditoryPhoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.2.2SpeechOrgans2.3Segments,DivergenceandPhoneticTranscription2.3.1Segmentsanddivergence2.3.2PhoneticTranscription¾InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)¾theInternationalPhoneticAssociation,1886,France.¾TheideaofestablishingaphoneticalphabetwasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianOttoJespersen(1860-1943)in1886.¾ThepresentsystemoftheIPAderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanialJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesattheUniversityofLondon.VocalCords2.4Consonants2.4.1Consonants&Vowels¾Thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonantsandvowels.¾Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.¾Avowelisproducedwithoutobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.2.4.2Consonants¾MannersofArticulation&PlacesofArticulation2.4.3MannersofArticulation1)Stop(plosive):completeclosureofthearticulatorsinvolvedsothattheairstreamscannotescapethroughthemouth.¾Threephasesintheproductionofastop:theclosingphase;theholdphaseandthereleasephase.¾Nasalstop(Nasal)[m,n,]&oralstop(Stop)[p,b,t.d,k,g]2)Fricative:closeapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheairstreamsarepartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.¾FricativesinEnglish:[f,v,,,s,z,,,h]3)(Median)Approximant:anarticulationinwhichonearticulatorisclosetoanother,butwithoutthevocaltractbeingnarrowedtosuchanextentthataturbulentairstreamsareproduced.¾InEnglish,theclassofsoundsinclude[w,,j]4)Lateral(Approximant):obstructionoftheairstreamsatapointalongthecenteroftheoraltract,withincompleteclosurebetweenoneorbothsidesofthetongueandtheroofofthemouth.[l]istheonlylateralinEnglish.5)Trill:Atrillisproducedwhenanarticulatorissetvibratingbytheairstream.Amajortrillsoundis[r].6)Tap/Flap:ifthetonguemakesasingletapagainstthealveolarridge,thesoundiscalledataporaflap.7)Affricate:Affricatesinvolvemorethanoneofthesemannersofarticulationinthattheyconsistofastopfollowedimmediatelyafterwardsbyafricativeatthesameplaceofarticulation.[,]PlaceofArticulationŠ2.4.4PlacesofArticulation1)Bilabial:madewiththetwolips.InEnglish,thebilabialsoundsinclude[p,b,m,w].2)Labiodental:madewiththelowerlipandtheupperfrontteeth.[f,v].3)Dental:madebythetonguetiporblade.[,].4)Alveolar:madewiththetonguetiporbladeandthealveolarridge.[t,d,n,s,z,,l].5)Post-alveolar:madewiththetonguetipandthebackofthealveolarridge.[,].6)Retroflex:madewiththetonguetiporbladecurledbacksothattheundersideofthetonguetiporbladeformsastricturewiththebackofthealveolarridgeorthehardpalate.[r].7)Palatal:madewiththefrontofthetongueandthehardpalate.TheonlyEnglishsoundmadehereis[j].8)Velar:madewiththebackofthetongueandthesoftpalate.[k,g,]9)Uvular:madewiththebackofthetongueandtheuvular.10)Pharyngeal:madewiththerootofthetongueandthewallsofthepharynx.11)Glottal:madewiththetwopiecesofvocalfoldspushedtowardseachother.[].2.4.5TheConsonantsofEnglishDescriptionofEnglishConsonantse.g.[p]voicelessbilabialstop[s]Voicelessalveolarfricative2.5Vowels2.5.1Thecriteriaofvoweldescriptionvowelsarenormallydescribedwithreferencetofourcriteria:‹thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue----front,centerorback;‹theextenttowhichthetonguerisesinthedirectionofthepalate—high,mid-high,mid-loworlow;‹thekindofopeningmadeatthelips---variousdegreesofliproundingorspreading;‹thepositionofthesoftpalate---raisedfororalvowels,andloweredforvowelswhichhavebeennasalized.Itshouldbepointedoutthatitisdifferenttobepreciseabouttheexactarticulatorypositionsofthetongueandpalate;absolutevaluesareimpossible.LiεppositionsusedinthepronunciationoftheCardinalvowelse(unrounded)ε(unrounded)a(unrounded)u(rounded)O(rounded)α(unrounded)i(unrounded)2.5.2ThetheoryofCardinalVowels2.5.3VowelGlides9Pure/Monophthongvowels9Vowelglides9Triphthongs2.5.4Thedescriptionofvowels:9e.g.[i:]highfronttenseunroundedvowel[u]highbacklaxroundedvowelTheVowelsofRP2.6Co-articulation&PhoneticTranscription2.6.1Co-articulation‹Co-articulation:akindofphoneticprocessinwhichsimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationsareinvolved.ItcanbefurtherdividedintoAnticipatoryCo-articulationandPerseverativeCo-articulation.‹AnticipatoryCo-articulation:ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamb,itisknownasAnticipatoryCo-articulation.‹PerseverativeCo-articulation:ifthesounddisplaystheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,asisthecaseofmap,itisknownasPerseverativeCo-articulation.2.6.2BroadandNarrowTranscriptions‹BroadTranscription:theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsintranscription.‹NarrowTranscription:theuseofmorespe