胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part9

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2020-08-24

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Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMindChapter6LanguageProcessingChapter6LanguageProcessinginMindinMind6.1Introduction6.2LanguageComprehension6.3Discourse/TextProduction6.4LanguageProduction6.1Introduction6.1IntroductionPsycholinguisticspropercanperhapsbeglossedasthestorage,comprehension,productionandacquisitionoflanguageinanymedium(spokenorwritten).Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywiththepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.Psycholinguistics&psychologyoflanguagePsycholinguistics&PsychologyofcommunicationCognitivepsychology&Experimentalpsychology6.1.1Evidence6.1.2currentissues1)controversyconcerningtheintegrationofthemodules2)relationshipbetweenstructureandprocess6.2LanguageComprehension6.2LanguageComprehensionIfweassumethattheprocessinvolvedintextcomprehensionarebyandlargethesameprocessasthoseinvolvedinspeechcommunication,itshouldfollowthatthosewhohavegoodreadingskillsshouldalsotendtohavegoodspeechcomprehensionskills.6.2.1WordRecognitionCohortTheoryFrequencyEffectRecencyEffectsContext6.2.2LexicalAmbiguity6.2.3SyntacticProcessingGardenPathMinimalAttachmentTheory6.2.4Semantics&SentenceMemoryAssimilationTheory6.2.5BasicProcessesinReadingEyeMovementThePerceptualSpanTheImmediacyAssumption6.3Discourse/TextInterpretation6.3Discourse/TextInterpretationGeneralContextEffects&SpecificContextEffects6.3.1Schemata&InferenceDrawing1)Schematameanspacketsofstoredknowledge,itplaysanimportantroleinlanguageprocessing.2)FeaturesofSchemata3)Schemataareusefulinthetaskofdrawinginferencesandfillingingapsintheinformationprovidedbyspeechorbytext.6.3.2StoryStructure1)Macrostructureofastory2)Macropropositions6.4LanguageProduction6.4LanguageProduction6.4.1SpeechProduction1)Fivedifferentlevelsofrepresentationinvolvedinspeakingasentenceoccurinthefollowingsequence:i)Themessage-levelrepresentationii)Thefunctional-levelrepresentationiii)Thepositional–levelrepresentationiv)Thephonetic–levelrepresentationv)Thearticulatory–levelrepresentation2)Spoonerism3)AnAnticipationError4)ExchangeError5)Morpheme-ExchangeErrors6.4.2Writtenlanguage1)Writingessentiallyconsistsofthreeinter-relatedprocesses:i)Theplanningprocessii)Thesentencegenerationprocessiii)Therevisionprocess2)Knowledge-tellingstrategy&knowledge-transformingstrategyQuestionsQuestionsJustifythefollowingstatementswithTrue(T)orFalse(F).aLinguisticcommunicationsareusuallypresentedtousintheformofwrittentextorspeech.Whiletheprocessofcomprehensionappearstobesimilarinbothcases,someoftheinitialstagesofprocessingdiffer.bAnalysisofeyemovementsduringreadinghasrevealedthatalloftheinformationfromtextisextractedduringtheperceptionalspan.cThefactthatthespeechsignalisoftensomewhatambiguousdoesnotmeanthatspeechperceptionoftenreliesheavilyontopdownorconceptuallydrivenprocesses.dThecomprehensionprocessinvolvesparsing,i.e..Workingoutthegrammaticalstructureofthesentence.eTheinterpretationofasentenceisnearlyalwaysdominatedbycontexteffects,eithergeneralknowledgeorinformationfromearlierpartsofthecommunication.QuestionsQuestionsfSchemataareespeciallyusefulinthetaskofdrawinginferencesandfillingingapsintheinformationprovidedbyspeechorbytext.Inthiscase,comprehensionfocusesonallthedetailsofwhatispresented.gThepsychologicalfactorsinvolvedinspeechproductionhavebeeninvestigatedbyexaminingthekindsoferrorthatpeoplemakewhilespeaking.Oneofthemostobviousfeaturesofspeechistheemphasisonforwardplanning.