胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part15

Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernlinguisticsIntroductionThePragueSchool•Introduction•Phonology&PhonologicalOppositions•FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)TheLondonSchool•Malinowski’stheories•Firth’stheories•Halliday&Systemic-FunctionalGrammarAmericanStructuralism•EarlyPeriod:Boas&SapirBloomfield’sTheory•Post-BloomfieldianLinguisticsTransformational-GenerativeGrammar•Theinnatenesshypothesis•WhatIsagenerativegrammar•TheClassicalTheory•TheStandardtheory•TheExtendedStandardTheory•MainfeaturesofTGGrammar•LatertheoriesRevisionsists?Rebels?•CaseGrammar•GenerativeSemanticsIntroductionIntroductionƒƒ1Modernlinguisticsbeganfromthe1ModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureSaussure(1857(1857--1913),whois1913),whoisoftendescribedasoftendescribedas““fatherofmodernfatherofmodernlinguisticslinguistics””.Hislecturesare.Hislecturesarecollectedinthebookcollectedinthebook““CourseinCourseinGeneralLinguisticsGeneralLinguistics””..ƒƒ22SaussureSaussurebelievedthatlanguagebelievedthatlanguageisaisaSystemofSignsSystemofSigns.Thissignis.Thissignistheunionofaformandanidea,theunionofaformandanidea,whichhecalledthewhichhecalledthesignifiersignifierandandthethesignified.signified.ƒƒ33SaussureSaussure’’sideasonthesideasonthearbitraryarbitrarynatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureofsign,ontherelationalnatureoflinguisticunits,onthenatureoflinguisticunits,onthedistinctionofdistinctionofLangueLangueandandParoleParoleandofandofSynchronicSynchronicandandDiachronicDiachroniclinguisticspushedlinguisticsintoalinguisticspushedlinguisticsintoabrandnewstage.brandnewstage.12.112.1ThePragueSchoolThePragueSchool12.1.1Introduction12.1.1Introduction1)ThePragueSchoolcanbetracedbacktoitsfirstmeetingu1)ThePragueSchoolcanbetracedbacktoitsfirstmeetingunderthendertheleadershipofV.leadershipofV.MathesiusMathesiusin1926.Thisschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofin1926.Thisschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsoffunction.seeslanguageintermsoffunction.2)ThreemostimportantideasdevelopedinPragueSchool2)ThreemostimportantideasdevelopedinPragueSchool12.1.2Phonology&PhonologicalOppositions12.1.2Phonology&PhonologicalOppositions1)ThePragueSchoolisbestknownforitscontributiontop1)ThePragueSchoolisbestknownforitscontributiontophonologyandthehonologyandthedistinctionofphoneticsandphonology.distinctionofphoneticsandphonology.2)Itsrepresentativeis2)ItsrepresentativeisTrubetzkoyTrubetzkoy..3)Oppositions(a3)Oppositions(a------I)I)bilateralopposition;multilateralopposition;proportiobilateralopposition;multilateralopposition;proportionalopposition;isolatednalopposition;isolatedopposition;opposition;privativeprivativeopposition;gradualopposition;equivalentopposition;opposition;gradualopposition;equivalentopposition;neutralisableneutralisableopposition;opposition;constantopposition.constantopposition.12.1.3FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)12.1.3FunctionalSentencePerspective(FSP)1)Theme&1)Theme&RhemeRheme..2)CommunicativeDynamism(CD).2)CommunicativeDynamism(CD).ƒƒPicturefromtheInternationalPhoneticCongress,Amsterdam1932PicturefromtheInternationalPhoneticCongress,Amsterdam1932ThepersoninthemiddleistheDutchlinguistThepersoninthemiddleistheDutchlinguistJacJac.van.vanGinnekenGinneken;on;onhisleftishisleftisNikolajNikolajTrubetzkoyTrubetzkoy12.2TheLondonSchool12.2TheLondonSchool12.2TheLondonSchool12.2TheLondonSchool12.2.112.2.1MalinowskiMalinowski’’stheoriesstheories12.2.2Firth12.2.2Firth’’stheoriesstheories11））languageisameansofdoingthingsandofmakingothersdothinlanguageisameansofdoingthingsandofmakingothersdothings.gs.2)ProsodicAnalysis.2)ProsodicAnalysis.12.2.3Halliday&Systemic12.2.3Halliday&Systemic--FunctionalGrammarFunctionalGrammar1)SystemicGrammar1)SystemicGrammar2)FunctionalGrammar2)FunctionalGrammarI)I)TheideationalfunctionTheideationalfunctionistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateaistoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer.contentthatisunknowntothehearer.ii)ii)TheinterpersonalfunctionTheinterpersonalfunctionembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpressembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations.socialandpersonalrelations.iii)iii)ThetextualfunctionThetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstoreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentmakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomofsententextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomofsentences.ces.12.3American12.3AmericanStrcturalismStrcturalism12.3.1EarlyPeriod:Boas&12.3.1EarlyPeriod:Boas&SapirSapir12.3.2Bloomfield12.3.2Bloomfield’’stheorystheoryƒƒ1)1)BloomfieldianBloomfieldianEraEraƒƒ2)2)BehaviourismBehaviourismƒƒStimulusStimulus--ResponseResponse12.3.3Post12.3.3Post--BloomfieldianBloomfieldianLinguisticsLinguistics1)Harris&1)Harris&MethodsinStructuralLinguisticsMethodsi