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Lecture4NounandNounPhrasep.p.39--52IntroductionThenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead.Itisthenounheadthatdeterminesthewaythenounphraseisorganized.名词词组的结构（限定词）+（前置修饰语）+名词+（后置修饰语）amostlovelylittleboyinredatplayamostlovelylittleboylivingnextdooramostlovelylittleboywhosemotherisadoctorI.Classificationofnounsandfunctionofnounphrases1.Classificationonnouns(p.39)类别定义例词按构词法简单名词包含一个自由词素的名词man,chair,land,ship复合名词由两个或两个以上自由词armchair,farmland,素合成的名词seaside,roommate派生名词由动词、形容词、简单arrangement,expectation,名词+词缀构成的名词ability,greatness按词汇意义普通名词个体名词集体名词物质名词抽象名词表示同一类人或物，以及抽象概念的名词boy,house,tigerfamily,team,cattle,policeair,snow,bread,riceglory,honesty,education专有名词表示人、国家、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称Ander,China,ThePeople’sCongress,theNewYorkTimes,theDemocraticParty按语法特征可数名词单数式复数式可以计数的个体名词和集体名词，称为可数名词acar,afamilytwocars,manyfamilies不可数名词物质名词、抽象名词、和专有名词通常是不可计数的名词sand,water,coffee,failure,knowledge个体名词可数名词普通名词集体名词物质名词不可数名词抽象名词专有名词2.Functionofnounphrases(p.40)（1）主语Childrenatplayseldomrememberwhattimeitis.(2)主语补足语Thatwasanattractivelittleblackchair.Mygrandfatherdiedamartyrtohisrevolutionaryideal.（3）宾语Theygavehimafirst-rateeducation.（4）宾语补足语Theyelectedhimchairmanoftheboard.(5)同位语MrBrown,directorofthecoalmine,shouldberesponsiblefortheaccident.（6）介词宾语/介词补足成分Withinthehousenothingstirs.InthegardenIcanhearthesingingofbirds.Icanheartherustleoftheirwings.（7）状语或引导时间状语分句Hereturnedlastnight.Aphotoistakeneachtime(=whenever)thisbuttonispushed.DoEx.4A:1,2,3KeytoEx.4A1.description2.arrangement3.attendance4.peculiarity5.expectation6.argument7.dependence8.originality9.exaggeration10.measurement11.purity12.persistence13.extension14.statement15.generosity16.entrance17.loneliness18.forgetfulness19.happiness20.seriousnessII.Numberformsofnouns1.Regularandirregularplurala)Regularplural(p.p.42-44)b)Irregularplural(p.p.44-45)2.Numberformsofthecollective,material,abstractandpropernouna)Numberformsofthecollective（1）不能计数的集体名词：若要计数，须使用在语义上与之对应的个体名词。例如：p.46集体名词个体名词poetrypoemmachinerymachineclothinggarment,coat,etc....（2）可以计数的集体名词：有单、复数形式和单复数意义；将其视为一个整体时，用作单数；强调构成集体的成员时，用作复数。例如：p.46中页b)Numberformsofthematerial例如：（p.46中页）不可计数可以复数形式出现sand沙sands大面积的沙滩water水waters大面积的水域food食物foods多种食品coffee咖啡twocoffees两杯咖啡rubber橡胶rubbers胶鞋stone石头stones多块石头egg蛋渍eggs多个鸡蛋lamb羔羊肉lambs多只羔羊onion洋葱味onions多个洋葱头c)Numberformsoftheabstract单数式复数式大多数抽象名词是不可数的honestyknowledge无少数是可数的victoryconferencedifficultyopinionvictoriesconferencesdifficultiesopinions还有一些的单复数式含义不同sympathy同情（心），怜悯p.46S3,2,1experience经验relation[u]关系[c]亲戚youth[u]青春，青年（时期）[c]少年，小伙子worry[u]担心，忧愁，烦恼[c]令人担心、发愁的事sympathies同情（心），怜悯；慰问p.46S1,2;p.47S1experiences经历relations亲戚youths男青年，小伙子worries单数式复数式还有一些的单复数式含义不同distraction[u]心绪烦乱，心不在焉[c]使人心绪烦乱的事,令人分心的事business[u]商业，交易，生意，业务[c]商店，商行，公司，商业机构kindness[u]仁慈，善意，好意[c]善行Istudyinthelibraryastherearetoomanydistractionsathome.Theydon’tknowhowtorunabusiness.Itwouldbedoinghimakind-nesstotellhimthetruth.有些抽象名词本身无复数式，若要计数，就得使用语义上与之对应的个体名词(见p.47正中下方)laughter[u]笑，笑声Hejoinedinthelaughter.Helookedshocked,thenburstintolaughter.laugh[c]笑，笑声“Whatamess!”shesaid,withalaugh.Thisscenegetsoneofthebiggestlaughsinthemovie.d)Numberformsofthepropernoun(p.47para.1)A.专有名词一般没有复数形式，除非词本身带有复数词缀。例如：theUnitedStates,thePhilippines,theNetherlandsB.专有名词以复数式出现时，普通名词化，表示某姓的一家人,如S1,p.48HaveyouinvitedtheBrowns?或表示同姓或同名的若干人，如S2p.48TherearetwoMissSmiths/MissesSmithintheclass.DoEx.4B:3,5,6,2,15,20,9,11-10p.48KeytoEx.4B:1.strangesounds2.foodsare3.chief,tribes,their,salmon(s)4.Therunners-upweregivenpoundnotes/Therunners-upwereeachgivenapoundnote.5.bodies,theirheroes6.mice,tooth-marks7.Crises,occur,families8./9./10.thesebusinesses11./12.fruitsare13./14.thesearticlesarewellwritten15./16.severalpersonalkindnesses17./18.sufferings19.professors20.childrenareplaying,sandsDoEx.4C:1-13,5,6,7,9,11,17，18，10,19（p.48—49）KeytoEx.4C:1.experience2.waters3.foradvice4.animportantpieceofinformation5.foritisfun6.werenotnumerous7.Poultry8.directorsare9.militia10.geniuses11.merchandisehas12.sympathies13.experiences14.weretimes,rivalry15.clippings,were16.lookers-on17.foliageis18.photos19.12-pages20.LuggageisIII.Partitivesp.49“单位名词”表示事物个体性的词语，与单位词搭配表示“一群”、“一帮”等意思，它们与不可数名词组合起来，便可以“计数”了。“单位名词”可分为：1)Generalpartitivesp.492)Partitivesrelatedtotheshapeofthingsp.493)Partitivesrelatedtovolumep.504)Partitivesrelatedtothestateofactionp.505)Partitivesdenotingpairs,groups,flocks,etcp.50DoEx.4D:1,3,8,9,11,16,20,24,25KeytoEx.4D:1.blade2.piece3.choir4.flash5.lump6.gang7.grain8.head9.staff10.collection11.fleet12.cluster13.bundle14.bunch15.team16.piece17.ear18.bar19.herd20.pack21.flock22.crowd/swarm23.troupe24.bench25.grove26.collection27.suite28.squadron29.band30.libraryDoEx.4E:1-5,6,10,11-16,15,7KeytoEx.4E:1-5:BCADC6-10:CBDAB11-15:ADBBC16-20:BDCABLecture5GenitiveNounp.p.53—59IntroductionCasedenotesthechangesintheformofanounorapronounshowingitsrelationshipwithotherwordsinasentence.Thegenitivecase/possessivecaseshowsthepossessiverelationshipbetweenthenounanditssequentialnoun.I.Formation,meaningsandusesofgenitive1.Formationofgenitivenounsp.531）“名词+’s”格Rulesofformationareasfollows:a)b)c)d)e