欧洲文化入门(一)

WelcomeEuropeanCulture:AnIntroduction欧洲文化入门ThePurposeofLearningEuropeanCultureLanguagecannotbelearnedwithoutsomeknowledgeoftheculturebehindit.Europeancultureitselfisapartofworldculture.Someknowledgeofitisnecessarytousascitizensoftheworld.Toshowone’sopinion:OneselfTheleaderOldagelifePurposeforMyCultureClassLearningcultureisnottorecitenumerousinformationsfromtextbook.Buttoimproveself-cultivation,topromoteone’sthinkingability,thentoprobeourculture’smeritsanddefectsfromdifferentculture,tothinkaboutwhatweshouldlearnfromothersandwhatothersshouldlearnfromours.Sothatwecouldcultivateahabitofthinkingandknowinghowtomakelifemeaningful.ForMyPersonalView文化，不是让你死记硬背时间、地点、人物、事件、影响、意义。而是透过不同的文化，探究自身文化的优缺点，从中吸取精华、去除糟粕，来达到提升自我修养，培养独立思考能力的目的。从而让文化成为我们参悟生活，领会人生意义的重要渠道。TheOriginofCultureMesopotamia—两河流域文明Egyptian—古埃及文明Hebrew—希伯来文明GreekandRoman—希腊与罗马文化（文化=文明）DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCultureTheOriginCrete(3000B.C.)克里特岛TrojanWar(1200B.C.)特洛伊战争GreekDarkAges(1200B.C.—800B.C.)ArchaicGreece(800B.C.—500B.C.)古风时期ClassicalPeriod(500B.C.—336B.C.)古典时期HellenisticAge(336B.C.—31B.C.)希腊化时代GreeceandTroy1.Historicalcontext(background)WarbetweenGreeceandTroyinabout1,200B.C.Greekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.CivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.RuleofAlexanderinthe4thcenturyB.C.In146B.C.theRomansconqueredGreece.2.SocialandPoliticalStructureDemocracy—theadultmalecitizensEconomy—slavelabor(exploitation)Sports—OlympicGames3.HomerHomer荷马(around700B.C.),epic史诗Iliad《伊利亚特》Odyssey《奥德赛》TodayweseeIliadandtheOdysseyincorporatedintothecourseofalmosteveryhighschoolinAmerica.EpicDefinition：Anepicisalongnarrativepoemofgreatscaleandgrandiosestyleabouttheheroeswhoareusuallywarriorsorevendemigods.简言之，史诗是叙述英雄传说或重大历史事件的叙事长诗。TrojanWar特洛伊战争InGreekmythologyandinIliadandOdysseybyHomerAbout1,200B.C.WarbetweenGreeceandTroyFoughtoverthebeautifulHelenLastedfor10yearsTrojanhorseTroydefeatedGreeceandTroyAchilles阿喀琉斯/阿基里斯MatchingGoldappleTrojanhorseAchillesheelDeathfulweaknessBaneIntrudingdestructiveelementMatching(key)Goldapple—BaneTrojanhorse—IntrudingdestructiveelementAchillesheel—Deathfulweakness“不和的金苹果”—祸根“特洛伊木马”—侵入内部的破坏性因素“阿喀琉斯的脚踵”—致命的弱点Poetry=Poem=Verse（诗歌）Ballad（民谣）Lyric（抒情诗）Epic（史诗）Ode（颂诗）Elegy（挽歌）Pastoral（田园诗）Sonnet（十四行诗）NarrativePoem（叙事诗）BlankVerse（无韵体诗）FreeVerse（自由体诗）4.Lyric（抒情诗）Definition:Alyricisapoemthatexpressesstrongfeeling.4.LyricWritersSappho(about612-580B.C.)萨福----lovepoemPindar(about518-438B.C.)品达----odes：apoemtopraiseandglorifyanindividualorathing.5.DramaOpen-airtheatres,stonebenches,lookingdownatthestagefromthreesides,actorswithmasks.mask=masque假面剧ThreeGreatestTragedyWriter:a.Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）b.Sophocles（索福克勒斯）c.Euripides（欧里庇得斯）a.Aeschylus(525-456B.C.)埃斯库罗斯The“FatherofTragedy”,oneofthethreegreatancientGreektragedians古希腊悲剧之父PrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》PrometheusBoundBasedonthemythofPrometheus,atitan泰坦神族人whogavethegiftoffiretomortalsandwaspunishedbythegodZeus.MatchingPrometheus—MartyrtothecauseofhumanPandora’sbox—Rootofalldisasterb.Sophocles(496-406B.C.)索福克勒斯SecondofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthensOedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》StrongimpactonEuropeanliterature“theOedipuscomplex”俄狄浦斯情结MatchingOedipuscomplex俄狄浦斯情结—complexfeelingtowardparentsorbetweenaccidentandnecessitySphinx’sriddle斯芬克斯之谜—somethingofpersonthathardtounderstandc.Euripides(484-406B.C.)欧里庇得斯ThirdofthethreegreattragediansofclassicalAthens,thefirstwriterof“problemplays”社会问题剧concernedwithconflicts--originofrealismAndromache,Medea,TrojanWomend.ComedyAristophanes(阿里斯托芬450-380B.C.)ancientGreekComicdramatist,theFatherofComedy11plays:Frogs,Clouds,Wasps,Birds6.History—Herodotus希罗多德TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.Herodotus(484-430B.C.),AncientGreekhistorian,“FatherofHistory”古希腊历史学家，“历史之父”7.PhilosophyandscienceIntroductionTheancientGreeks’curiosityaboutthings,freeenquiry,imaginationIntroductionThePre-SocratesGreekPhilosophersPythagoras毕达哥拉斯Heracleitue赫拉克利特Democritus德莫克里特Pythagoras毕达哥拉斯FounderofscientificmathematicsthefatherofnumbersToPythagoras,Allthingswerenumbers.Heracleitue赫拉克利特AncientGreekphilosopherFireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse.火是万物之源“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver…Thesunisneweveryday.”——“人不能第二次踏进同一条河流。”Democritus德莫克里特Theearliestmateriamlist.GettheEnglishwordatomTheGreatestPhilosophersSocrates苏格拉底Plato柏拉图Aristotle亚里士多德a.Socrates苏格拉底Socrates(470-399B.C.)DialecticalMethod辩证法StoryTimeWhatislove?Whatismarriage?Whatisaffair?（艳遇）Whatishappiness?Whatislife?b.Plato(428-348B.C.)柏拉图Dialogues《对话录》Idealism（唯心主义）Influence—absorbedintoChristianthoughtPlatonicLove柏拉图式爱情，追求心灵沟通，排斥肉体欲望，是一种理性的精神上的纯洁恋爱。c.Aristotle(384-322B.C.)亚里士多德AncientGreekphilosopher,astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreatThegreathumanistandthegreatmanofscienceWorks—Ethics,Politics,Poetics,andRhetoric《诗学》AristotleandPlato–p28DifferencesbetweenPlatoandAristotle1.Aristotle—theoryshouldfollowfactPlato—subjectivethinkingisimportant2.Aristotle—idea+matter=realityPlato—ideaishigherthanphysicalworldd.ContendingSchoolsofT