KeysforFeaturesHumanismBourgeoisieShakespeareMatching1.WilliamShakespeare2.ThomasMore3.MartinLuther4.LeonardodaVincia.MonaLisab.Hamletc.95Thesesd.UtopiaKeysforMatching1.WilliamShakespeare—Hamlet2.ThomasMore—Utopia3.MartinLuther—95Theses4.LeonardodaVinci—MonaLisa欧洲文化入门(五)The17thCenturyI.GeneralIntroduction1.Advanceinscience,astronomy,physicsandpuremathematics.2.Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.3.Thenewlyemergedclass,thebourgeoisie.BertrandRussellSaid:Themodernworld,asfarasmentaloutlooksisconcerned,beginsintheseventeenthcentury.II.ScienceAbreakthroughinphysicsandmathematicsinthe17thcenturyChemistryin18thcenturyBiologyin19thcenturyPsychologyin20thcentury1.FromCopernicustoKeplerA.NicolausCopernicus哥白尼Polishastronomer波兰天文学家Heliocentrictheory“日心说”TheRevolutionoftheHeavenlyOrbs《天体运行论》ScienceNicolausCopernicus哥白尼(1473-1543)哥白尼的学说不仅改变了那个时代人类对宇宙的认识,而且根本动摇了欧洲中世纪宗教神学的理论基础。恩格斯的评价:“从此自然科学便开始从神学中解放出来”“科学的发展从此便大踏步前进”NicolausCopernicus哥白尼B.JohannesKepler约翰尼斯·开普勒GermanscientistKepler’sLaws开普勒定律:threelawsofplanetarymotion三大行星定律Threelawsofplanetarymotion三大定律1行星沿椭圆轨道运行,太阳占这椭圆的一个焦点。2行星在离太阳近的地方运行得比在远的地方快。3行星与太阳之间的距离,与其完成围绕太阳一周运动的时间周期有一定关系。GalileoGalilei伽利略·伽利莱Thegreatestnameinthephysicsoftheperiod.ItalianscientistGalileoGalilei伽利略·伽利莱Thefirsttoapplythetelescopetothestudyofthesky,whichprovedthevalidityoftheCopernicustheory.他是利用望远镜观测天体取得大量成果的第一位科学Hisdiscoveries:Accelerationindynamics动力加速度Thelawifinertia惯性定律Thelawoffallingbodies自由落体定律3.牛顿(IsaacNewton)英国的数学家及物理学家微积分(Calculus)缔造者万有引力理论的发明者LawofuniversalgravitationPhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica《自然哲学的数学原理》蒲伯为牛顿墓碑而题的未被采用的墓志铭:NatureandNature’slawslayhidinnight,Godsaid,“LetNewtonbe,”andallwaslight.自然界和自然规律隐藏在黑暗中上帝说,让牛顿出生吧!于是一切都是光明。牛顿名言IfIhaveseenfurtheritisbystandingontheshouldersofGiants如果说我看得远,那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上。。5.InventionofNewInstrumentsGreatprogressesof17th:A.astronomyB.dynamics动力学C.inventionofscientificinstrumentsmicroscope显微镜telescope望远镜thermometer温度计barometer气压计pendulumclock摆锤钟×Twomeritssharedbythegreatscientistsofthe17thcentury:First,theyshowedboldnessinframinghypotheses.Second,theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation.III.Philosophy,PoliticsandLiteratureinEngland创立论读书读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其博彩也,最见于高谈论阔之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节,然纵观统筹、全局策划,则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰,文采藻饰太盛则矫,全屏条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足,经验又补读书之不足,盖天生才干犹如自然花草,读书然后知如何修剪移接;而书中所示,如不以经验范之,则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者,不可尽信书上所言,亦不可只为寻章摘句,而应推敲细思。书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只需须读部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所作摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者,否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏,淡而无味矣。读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻,伦理学使人庄重,逻辑修辞学使人善辩;凡有所学,皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍,无不可读适当之书使之顺畅,一如身体百病,皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾,射箭利胸肺,慢步利肠胃,骑术利头脑,诸如此类。如智力不集中,可令读数学,盖演题须全神贯注,稍有分散即须重演;如不能辨异,可令读经院哲学,盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人;如不善求同,不善以一物阐证另一物,可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷,皆有特药可医。王佐良译1.FrancisBacon弗兰西斯·培根英国散文作家essayist哲学家philosopher政治家statesman创立归纳法(induction)马克思称他是“英国唯物主义和整个现代实验科学的真正始祖。”Bacon’smainworksTheAdvancementofLearning《广学论》TheNewAtlantics《新大西岛》TheNovumOrganum(NewMethod)《新工具》Essays《培根论说文集》FamousquotationsfromBaconKnowledgeispower知识就是力量OfStudies论学习Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.王佐良译文:读书足以怡情,足以博彩,足以长才。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophy,deep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.王佐良译文:读史使人明智,读诗使人灵秀,数学使人周密,科学使人深刻;伦理学使人庄重;逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之长者鄙读书,无知者羡读书,唯明智之士用读书,然书并不以用处告人,用书之智不在书中,而在书外,全凭观察得之。Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedoesnot.因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强,不常讨论者须天生聪颖,不常读书者须欺世有术,始能无知而显有知。FamousquotationsfromBaconSomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested王佐良译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则应咀嚼消化.Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman王佐良译文:读书使人充实;讨论使人机智;笔记使人精确。2.JohnMilton(约翰·弥尔顿)andEnglishRevolutionJohnMiltonBritishpoetThemanofthoughtRankswithShakespeare&ChaucerinEnglishliteratureEnglishRevolutionEnclosuremovementPuritanmovementCivilWar–1642CromwellasProtector–1649RestorationofStuart–1660GloriousRevolution–1688TheBillofRights–1689ThereweretwoleadersintheEnglishRevolution.CromwellwasthemanofactionandMiltonthemanofthought.MainWorksAreopagitica:《论出版自由》《失乐园》ParadiseLost《复乐园》ParadiseRegained《力士参孙》SamsonAgonists《失乐园》ParadiseLostParadiseLostisalongepicpoemdevidedinto12books.Thethemeisthefallofmen:man’sdisobendienceandthelossthereuponofParadise,withitsprimecause----Satan.(撒旦)《失乐园》ParadiseLostOfMan’sfirstdisobedience,andthefruitOfthatforbiddentree,whosemortaltasteBroughtdeathintotheworld,andallourwoeWithlossofEden.关于人类初次违反上帝的命令偷尝了那禁树上的致命之果,从而把死亡带到人间,以及失去伊甸园带来的种种悲哀。V.Art1.BaroqueArt巴洛克时期艺术和建筑风格巴洛克一词源自葡萄牙文,原指贝壳不规则的、怪异的形状。一开始主要针对17世纪意大利的建筑风格而言。巴洛克艺术(Baroqueart)是十七世纪欧洲的艺术风格