英语构词法-PPT

WordFormation1.Affixation词缀法1.1Prefixation前缀法在词前加前缀构成新词的方法。prefixesexamplesun-non-dis-in-im-il-ir-ab-1)否定前缀unwise,uncertain,unwilling;unpack,undonon-essential,non-standard;non-violencedishonest;discontent;discolor,dishearteninformal,inhuman;injustice,incompetenceimpolite,impatient;immature,immoralillegal,illiterate,illogical,illegibleirregular,irreplaceable;irresponsibilityabnormal,abnormalityprefixesmeaningexamplesmis-错误的mal-坏的，不良的pseudo-假的2)贬义前缀mishear,mislead,misreport;misinterpretation,misrulemalformed,malnourished;malfunction,malnutritionpseudoscience,pseudo-friend,pseudo-democraticprefixesmeaningexamplespro-支持拥护counter-反对anti-反对pro-democracy,pro-Chinesecounter-strike,counter-example,counter-revolutionanti-social,anti-national,anti-slavery,anti-government3)表态度的前缀prefixmeanexamplesfore-之前pre-提前post-之后ex-前任re-再次foreword,forefather,foreknowledgeprewar,pre-prepared;pre-retirement,preschool4)表时间和顺序的前缀postwar;postgraduate,post-electionex-president,ex-husbandreconsider,readmit,reallocateprefixmeanexamplessemi-halfuni-,mono-onebi-twotri-threemulti-manysuper-hugeout-oversemi-feudal,semi-colonial;semi-annualuniform,unicorn,uni-directional;monotone,monorailbicycle;bilingual,bilateraltricycle,triangle;trilingualmulti-media;multi-national5)数字前缀supernatural;supermarket,superherooutlive,outweigh,outsmart2.Suffixation后缀法Suffixationistheformationofnewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.后缀法是在词上加后缀进行构词的方法。91)名词后缀构成人的主要后缀-erperson-eeperson-essfemale-antperson-istpersonemployer,examiner,interviewer,payeremployee,examinee,interviewee,payeeactress,waitress,hostess,airhostessapplicant,assistant,defendantcapitalist,artist,novelist,artist,pianist10构成抽象名词的主要后缀-domcondition-ismdoctrineof-shipjob/position-tionprocess/state-nessstate/quality-alprocess/state-mentresultof-ity-able,al,-ar-ageactionofficialdom,kingdom,freedomterrorism,sexism,racismfriendship,relationship,hardshiprealization,starvation,inventionkindness,selfishness,weaknesssurvival,arrival,approvalmovement,resentmentequality,responsibility,possibilitymarriage,linkage,shortage112)形容词后缀由名词构成的形容词后缀-fulfullof-lesswithout;numerous-likelike-lyquality;frequency-icinvolving,-ousaparticularquality-alrelatingto-ysomewhatlikefaithful,meaningfulanimal-like,dreamlikehopeless,pricelessfriendly,weeklysmoky,bloodyeconomic,poeticambitious,marvelousmusical,philosophical12来自动词的形容词后缀-able-ible-ivewashable,drinkable,renewable,changeable,respectable,avoidable;permissible,visible,sensible;attractive,productive,negative,relative,creative,sensitive,aggressive;133)动词后缀-enmakeorbecomedeepen,strengthen,loosen,tighten,heighten,weaken,sharpen,widen-ifymakebeautify,classify,unify,intensify-ize-iserelatedtosymbolize,legalize,characterize,standardize,modernize2.其他的构词法1.Blending(拼缀法)2.Clipping(截短法)3.Acronymy(首字母拼音法)4.Back-formation(逆生法)2.1Blending拼缀法Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上另外一个词的一个部分而构成新词的方法。Pointouthowthefollowingwordsaremade.smogsmoke+fog(烟雾)bookmobilebook+automobile(流动汽车图书馆)sci-fiscience+fiction(科幻小说)skylabsky+laboratory(太空实验室)拼缀法的分类1)head+tailthefirstpartofword1+thelastpartofword2breakfast+lunchbrunch(早午餐)motor+hotelmotel(汽车旅馆)channel+tunnelchunnel(海峡隧道)2)head+headthefirstpartofword1+thefirstpartofword2situation+comedysitcom(情景喜剧)communications+satellitecomsat(通讯卫星)psychological+warfarepsywar(心理战)2.2Clipping截短法Clippingistheformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.截短法是截取原词的某一部分的构词法。①Frontclipping截除首部quake(earthquake)copter(helicopter)bus(omnibus)phone(telephone)②Backclipping截除尾部ad(advertisement)prof(professor)dorm(dormitory)lab(laboratory)telly(television)③Frontandbackclipping截除首尾flu(influenza)tec(detective)fridge(refrigerator)jams(pajamas)2.3Initialisms首字母缩略词首字母缩略词由首字母构成,按字母发音。EU—EuropeanUnionGPS—GlobalPositionalSystemIOC—InternationalOlympicCommitteeIDcard—identitycardCIA—CentralIntelligenceAgencyIELTS—InternationalEnglishLanguageTestingSystemTaskIQ—EQ—MBA—MPA—WHO—WTO—WB—IntelligentQuotientEmotionalQuotientMasterofBusinessAdministrationMasterofPublicAdministrationWorldHealthOrganizationWorldTradeOrganizationWorldBank2.4Acronymy首字母拼音法由首字母构成,但作为一个普通词来发音。NATO—theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganizationradar—radiodetectingandrangingAIDS-acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeSARS-SevereAcuteRespiratorySyndromeTaskPIN—VAT—CALL—TOEFL—UNESCO-personalidentificationnumbervalueaddedtaxComputerAssistedLanguageLearningTestofEnglishasaForeignLanguageUnitedNationEducational,Scientific&CulturalOrganization2.5back-formation逆生法Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.去掉所谓的后缀而产生新词的方法。许多被去掉的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不可分割的部分。television—televisevi.editor—editvi.sculptor—sculptvi.peddler—peddlevi.babysitter—babysitvi.spring-cleaning—spring-cleanvi.freeassociation—free-associatevi.massproduction—massproducevi.enthusiasm—enthusevi.calmative—calmvi./adj.