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Lecture12TextualCohesionandCoherenceinTranslation•I.Preview:•Thefollowingsentencesandpassagearediscussedinpreviousclasses.Theyshowustheimportanceandwaysofachievingcohesionintranslation.•他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。•Heappearedonthestageandwaswarmlyapplaudedbytheaudience.•求职面试时，问了十个问题，他全都答对了。•Hewasaskedtenquestionsinthejobinterviewandansweredeveryoneofthemcorrectly.•Note:theproperchoiceofsubjecthelpsachievecoherenceintranslation.•无锡是南方江苏省的一个小城，位于南京和上海之间。早在六千年前，就有一个原始部落在此定居。现在的无锡始建于公元前二世纪，当时在城西南的西山开采出了锡矿。锡矿发现后，人们就把这个地方称为有锡。天长日久，锡矿挖完了，有锡便改成了无锡。•Wuxi,locatedmid-waybetweenNanjingandShanghai,isamedium-sizedcityinJiangsuProvince,EastChina.Inhabitedasearlyas6,000yearsagobyatribe,itdevelopedintoacityinthe2ndcenturyB.C.Thecitywasformerlycalledyouxi,literallymeaningwherethereistinbecause,accordingtotraditionalaccount,tinwasdiscoveredinXishanHill,southwestofthecity.Afterthetinhadbeenminedout,thenameofthecityyouxigavewaytowuxi,meaningwherethereisnotinanymore.•Note:Pronouns,similarwords,conjunctionsareusedtoachievecoherenceandcohesionintranslation.II.devicesoftextualcohesion•1.lexicalcohesion:•synonymy(repetitionincluded)•collocation•2.reference(conjunctionsincluded)•3.substitution•4.ellipsis1.Lexicalcohesion:synonymyandcollocation•1.Synonymy:•Itreferstothelexicalchainmadeupofsynonym,nearsynonym,superordinate,hyponymandgeneralword.•Inpractice,therecognitionofthelexicalchainisaguaranteeofcorrecttranslation.•2.collocation•Itreferstothewordsinatextwhosemeaningsarerelatedbythecontextthoughtheymayhavedifferentmeaningsinothertexts.•Ifweknowthisclearly,wecancorrectlyunderstandthemeaningofsomeseeminglyirrelevantordifficultwords,andthustranslatethetextproperly•AnalyzethelexicalcohesionofthefollowingpassageandtranslateitintoChinese.•…In1991,oneofthemosteventfulyearsofthiscentury,theworldwitnessedthedramaticandtransformingimpactonthoseeventsoflivetelevisionbysatellite.Theverydefinitionofnewswasrewritten---fromsomethingthathashappenedtosomethingthatishappeningattheverymomentyouarehearingit……•Theseshotsheard,andseen,aroundtheworldappearedundertheaegisofthefirstglobalTVnewscompany,CableNewsNetwork……•……1991年，本世纪最多事的年份之一，世界目睹了卫星现场直播电视对这些事件所产生的影响，连新闻定义本身也被改写了——从已发生的事改为收看电视时正在发生着的事。……这些全世界都听到都看到的枪声，是在第一家全球性电视新闻公司、即有线新闻电视公司(CNN)的主持下出现的。……•Comment：•原文中的shots与上文中的eventsoflivetelevisionbysatellite.•所以译文第二段中的“枪声”实际上指“电视实况转播”，“枪声”是错误的译文。•2.reference（conjunctionsincluded）•Referenceincludespersonal,demonstrative,comparativeandclausalreference.Intranslation,thefirsttworeferencesaremorehelpful.•InE-Ctranslation,thepersonalreferenceinEnglishisreplacedbylexicalcohesioninChinesesuchastherepetitionofthesamenoun.•Thepatientshookherheadandstretchedoutherhandstowardsthebaby.Thedoctorputitinherarms.Shekisseditontheforehead.•病人摇了摇头，把手向婴儿伸去。医生把孩子放到她怀里。她吻了吻孩子的前额。•Kantwasfondoftalking,butpreferredtotalkalone,andifinterruptedorcontradictedwasapttoshowdispleasure;hisconversation,however,wassoagreeablethatnonemindedifhemonopolizedit.•康德特别喜欢聊，主要是喜欢别人听自己聊，不喜欢有人插话或诘问，否则会满脸不高兴。不过，康德总是聊得大家兴趣昂然，听他一个人聊谁都没意见。•3.substitutionandrepetition•Substitutionmeansthatsubstitutionpatterns(so,doetc.)areusedtoreplacesomewordsinprevioustexttomakethetextconciseandclear.•Theyincludeverbalandclausalsubstitution.•Actually,thesubstitutionpatterninEnglishisoftenreplacedbylexicalcohesioninChinese.AndsomelexicalcohesioninChineseisoftenreplacedbysubstitutionpatterninEnglish.•E.g.•(1)．Asforthesoulofman,theEskimosdonotclaimtoknowexactlywhatitis…butthenwhodoes?Theyseeit,however,asthebeginningoflife,theinitiatorofallactivitieswithinabeingandtheenergywithoutwhichlifecannotcontinue.•对于人的灵魂，爱斯基摩人没有说他们确切知道其为何物——可是又有谁能说清呢？但是他们把它视为生命的开端，是一个人全部活动的发起者，是生命延续所必需的能源。（《英语世界》1999年第8期，第32页）•(2).Hehadapairofyellow,carpetslipperswhichheenjoyedwearing,andthishewouldimmediatelysubstituteforhissolidpairofshoes.This,andwashinghisfacewiththeaidofcommontoiletsoapuntilitglowedashinyred,constitutedhisonlypreparationforhiseveningmeal.•他有一双黄绒拖鞋，是他喜欢穿的，他总是立即拿出来换下脚上的硬皮鞋。换了鞋，用普通香皂洗脸，擦得面孔又红又亮，这就是他在晚饭前的准备工作。•(3).Thereisnowarealizationthatgeneticshasaverybasicrelationshipwithmostofthebranchesofmedicineanditsknowledgeisessentialforadeepergraspofthesubject.Ithasalsostartedcontributingtowardssometherapeuticandimportantpreventivemeasure.•现在人们已经意识到，遗传学和医学的大多数分支学科都有着社粉重要的联系，要想更好地掌握医学，遗传学知识必不可少。遗传学已经开始在某些疗法和重要的预防措施中发挥作用了。•（4）IfirstheardthisstoryinIndia,whereitistoldasiftrue----thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn’tbe.LaterIlearnedthatamagazineversionofitappearedshortlybeforetheFirstWorldWar.Thisaccount,anditsauthor,Ihaveneverbeenabletotrackdown.•我最初听到这个故事是在印度，那里的人们讲起来像真有其事似的，尽管任何一个博物学家都知道这个故事不可能是真的。后来我得知在第一次世界大战爆发前不久，有一家杂志也刊登过这个故事的一个版本。至于这个故事的来源和作者，我至今也未能查出来。•(5)．黄昏没有这样美过，大道也不曾这般直……当然，这全是林露心理高兴的缘故。哪能不高兴呢，今天，第7期《收获》杂志发表了她的小说《第三者》。这可是处女作呀……•Theeveninghadneverbeenseemedsobeautiful,northeboulevardsostraight.ThiswasallbecauseLinLuwasintoxicatedwithhappiness.Howcouldshehelpbeingso?TheliterarymagazineHarvest(No.7)whicharrivedthatdaycarriedhernoveletteTheThirdParty,herfirstpublishedmaidenwork.•4.ellipsis:•EllipsisisseeninbothChineseandEnglish.EllipsisinE