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一、陆地水文1.1、一般术语水water水圈hydrosphere水体waterbody水科学waterscience水文学hydrology陆地水文学landhydrology应用水文学appliedhydrology工程水文学engineeringhydrology地表水surfacewater地下水groundwater水汽watervapour水温要素hydrologicelements降水precipitation蒸发evaporation径流runoff水位stage流速velocity流量discharge含沙量sedimentconcentration输沙率sedimentdischarge水温要素watertemperature冰凌icerun水质waterquality下垫面underlyingsurface水文情势hydrologicregime水文效应hydrologiceffect1.2、水文循环水循环hydorlogiccycle水量平衡waterbalance热量平衡heatbalance盐量平衡saltbalance大气水汽含量atmosphericwatervapourcontent大气水汽输送atmosphericwatervapourtrasport水汽输送通量atmosphericwatervapourflux雨rain降雨面积rainfallarea降雨分布rainfalldistribution雨季rainyseason雪snow积雪snowcover初雪firstsnow终雪latestsnow融雪snowmelt雹hail截留interception填洼depressiondetention地面滞留surfacedetention陆面蒸发（总蒸发）evaporationofland水面蒸发evaporationofwatersurface土壤蒸发evsporationfromsoil散发（植物蒸腾）transpiration蒸发能力evaporationcapability下渗（入渗）infiltration稳渗steadyinfiltration下渗能力infiltrationcapability河川径流riverrunoff降雨径流rainfallrunoff暴雨径流stormrunoff融雪径流snowmeltrunoff枯季径流dryseasonrunoff基流baseflow洪水flood暴雨洪水stormflood冰凌洪水（凌汛）iceflood冰雪洪水ice-snowmeltflood雨雪混合洪水rainandsnowmeltflood山洪flashflood溃坝洪水dam-breakflood1.3、水文气象大气环流atmosphericcircunlation天气形势weathersituation天气过程weatherprocess天气系统weathersystem行星尺度天气系统planetaryscaleweathersystem天气尺度天气系统synopticscaleweathersystem中小尺度天气系统mesoandmicro-scaleweathersystem风暴潮stormsurge风暴中心stormcenter西风情westerlytrough东风波easterlywave低压槽trough高压脊ridge副热带高压subtropichigh阻塞高压blockinghigh低空急流low-leveljet低涡vortex反气旋（高压）anticyclone气旋（低压）cyclone热带气旋tropiccyclone热带低压tropicdepression热带风暴tropicstorm强热带风暴severetropicstorm台风typhoon气团airmass锋（锋面）front天气weather气象meteorology气候climate气候区划climaticregionalization气候带climaticzone气候变化climaticchange小气候microclimate热带tropiczone副热带（亚热带）subtropiczone温带extratropiczone寒带frigidzone季风monsoon梅雨plumrains暴雨storm阵雨showeryrain地形雨orogarphicrain台风雨typhoonrain热带气旋雨rainfallintropiccyclone雷暴thunderstorm温室效应greenhouseeffect卫星云图satellizecloudpicture气压atmosphericpressure海平面气压sea-levelpressure气温airtemperature地温groundtemperature湿球温度wet-bulbtemprerature湿度humidity水汽压vapourpressure饱和水汽压saturationvapourpressure绝对湿度absolutehumidity相对湿度relativehumidity饱和差saturationdeficit比湿specifichumidity风wind风向winddirection风速windspeed蒲福风级Beaufortwindscale露dew露点dewpoint雾fog霜frost霜点frostpoint初霜firstfrost终霜latestfrost霜冻frostbite无霜期frost-fressperiod1.4、流域及水系流域watershed(basin)流域面积（集水面积）drainagearea闭合流域enclosedbasin不闭合流域non-enclosedbasin闭流区（内流区）blinddrainagearea分水线（分水岭）divide流域特征basincharacteristics流域几何特征basingeometriccharacteristics流域长度basinlength流域平均高程basinelevationmean流域平均宽度basinwidthmean流域平均速度basinslopemean流域不对称系数coefficientofbasinnonsymmetric流域面积增长率growthratioofdrainagearea流域自然地理特征physiographiccharacteristicsofbasin水系hydrographicnet人工河网artificialdrainagenetwork河网密度drainagedensity明渠openchannel河流river河源headwaters冲沟gully溪流brook支流tributary干流mainstream分支fork串沟bifurcationchannel运河canal外流河exorheicriver内陆河endorheicriver减河reliefchannel河道复流）河道再生）resurgence常年河perennialstream间歇河intermittentstream悬河（地上河）elevatedstream夺流河（断头河）capturedriver盈水河gainingstream亏水河losingstream暴洪河流flashystream地下河undergroundriver界河boundaryriver国际河流internationalriver废河道（古河道）deadriver岸bank左岸leftbank右岸rightbank凹岸concavebank凸岸convexbank岸壁landwall水边线（岸线）waterline提防levee河长riverlength河弯riverbend弯曲率toriuosity航道navigablechannel河段reach上游upstream中游midstream下游downstream控制河段controlreach顺直河段straightreach弯曲河段bentreach扩散河段expandingreach收缩河段convergingreach游荡河段wanderingreach感潮河段tidereach截弯取直channelcutoff河槽（河床）channelcutoff稳定河槽stablechannel不稳定河槽（冲淤河槽）unstablechannel主槽mainchannel单式河槽singlechannel复式河槽compoundchannel河槽横断面rivercross-section河道纵断面riverlongitudinalprofile断面特性cross-sectioncharacteristics河床形态channelmorphology浅槽shoal急滩catarect河漫滩floodplain三角洲delta江心洲channelisland潜州submergedbar深潭deeppool1.5、河流水力学水力学hydraulics明渠水力学openchannelhydraulics水静力学hydrostatics水动力学hydrodynamics明渠水流openchannelflow恒定流steadyflow非恒定流unsteadyflow均匀流（等速流）uniformflow非均匀流（变速流）non-uniformflow急流supercriticalflow缓流subcriticalflow异重流densitycurrent临界流criticalflow临界水深criticaldepth临界流速criticalvelocity临界流量criticaldischarge水头head位置水头（位能）elevationhead压强水头（压能）pressurehead流速水头（动能）velocityhead有效水头effectivehead水头损失headloss沿程水头损失frictionalheadloss局部水头损失localheadloss比降slope能面比降energyslope水面比降surfaceslope摩阻比降frictionslope附加比降addslope河道比降channelslope水面横比降transverseslopeofwatersurface侧比降inverseslope总水头线totalheadline水面线watersurfaceprofile糙率roughness谢才系数Chezycoefficient谢才公式Chezyformula曼宁公式Manningformula输水因数（输水率）conveyancefactor水跃hydraulicjump水舌nappe回水曲线backwatercurve弗汝德数Froudenumber雷诺数Reynoldsnumber韦伯数Webernumber水力因素hydraulicfactor湿周wettedperimeter水力半径hydraulicradius宽深比width-depthratio中泓线midstreamofchannel深泓线Thalweg落差fall瀑布waterfall波浪wave驻波standingwave移动波translationwave1.6、河流泥沙河流动力学riverdynamics河流泥沙riversediment泥沙特性propertyofsediment土壤侵蚀soilerosion水力侵蚀watererosion山洪侵蚀torrentialerosion流域侵蚀basinerosion流域产沙量watershedsedimentyield全沙totalload悬移质suspendedload推移质bedload床沙bedmaterial床沙质bedmaterialload冲泄质washload河流泥沙运动sedimenttransportinriver泥沙运动incipientymotionofsediment起动流速competentveloci