英语教材教法

1IntroductiontoTeachingEnglish英語教材教法Dr.Ying-YingChuangFall2009DepartmentofAppliedForeignLanguagesChengShiuUniversity2DifferentLessonStructuresPPP:presentation-practice-productionTheteacherpresents(introduces)thetargetlanguage(focusonform)studentsdocontrolledpracticeactivitystudentscanproducttargetlanguageinamorenatural/realisticwayofactivities.TBL:task-basedlearningThefocusisonataskthatthelearnersdowhiletheteachermonitorsperformanceandassesseswhatlanguagetheyneed.PS.Thepresentationstagecomesafteranactivityortask.TTT:test-teach-testThelessonbeginswithanactivity(test),andthentheteacherintroducesthenewlanguageandpracticesitwiththem(teach).Finallythelearnersdoanothertasksinpairsorgroups(test).PS.Thelanguagefocusactivityisbasedonwhateverthelearnersneedthereandthen.3FocusonGrammarGrammarisadescriptionofthelanguagesystem—itshowsushowweorderwordsinsentences,howwecombinethemandhowwechangetheformofwordstochangetheirmeaning.WordOrderHe(Subject)has(Verb)alongholiday(Object)inJuly(Adverbialphrase).WordCombinations*alongholiday,notalarge/bigholiday;inJuly,notat/onJuly.WordForms*Youwouldneedtoknowthattheverbhavechangestohaswithheorshe.PartsofSpeech--Nouns--Adjectives--Articles--Determiners--Pronouns--Verbs--Adverbs--Conjunctions--Prepositions4HowtohelplearnerswithgrammarTeachingform--Ingeneralitisbesttoavoidcomplicatedgrammaticalterms,particularlywithlowerlevelstudents.--Itiseasierforstudentstograspanewstructureifthelanguageispresentedvisually.ex:Iwasreadingabook.Youareeatingspaghetti.TeachingmeaningYoushouldalwaysintroduceanewgrammarstructureinameaningfulcontext,andshowstudentshowitisusedinreallife.PracticingandusingthelanguagePracticeactivitieshelpstudentstorememberthenewlanguageandtobecomemoreaccurateandmorefluentinusing.5FocusonFunctionsAfunctionisthecommunicativepurposeofapieceoflanguage.Example:Inviting*Wouldyouliketocomeroundofsupper?Suggesting*Let’shaveagameofchess.Agreeing*That’sright!Givingopinions*Ithinkthat’sgreat!Greeting*Hello!Functionsaredirectlyuseful—ifyourlearnerscanmakearequestusingCouldI/you(+infinitive)?Forexample,theycanaskforatrainticket,orderameal,asksomeonefordirections,askafriendforhelp,andsoon.Therearevariouswaysofexpressingafunction.Thesevariationsarecalledexponents.Example:Canyouopenthewindow?Couldyouopenthewindow,please?Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?6Onegrammaticalformcanhaveseveralfunctions,forexample,themodalverbcanisusedforthefollowingfunctions:Example:Ability*Icanswim.Requests*CanyouturnofftheTV,please?Permission*CanIsmokehere?Possibility*Icanberainyatthistimeofyear.Functionallanguageisoftenafixedexpressionor“chunk”,forexample:*Nevermind.*Itdoesn’tmatter.*Ofcourse.*Excuseme.Howtohelplearnerswithfunctions?Introducingfunctions:Socialfunctionsoccurnaturallyinconversation,sooneofthebestwaysofintroducingthemisinaconversation.Functionsandappropriacy(polite/formal)Practicingfunctions:Pairwork;roleplay;simulation.7FocusonVocabularyAvocabularyitem,sometimescalledalexicalitem,canbe:--asingleword,forexample,cat,table.--2or3wordsthatgotogethertomakeonemeaning,anounlikewashmachineoraphrasalverblikepassoutorcomeupwith.--amulti-wordphraseorchunkoflanguagelikeasamatteroffact,nevermind,bytheway.Learnersneedtoknow:--howawordisspelt--howitispronounced--themeaningoftheword--whatpartofspeechitis--whichwordsitisoftenusedwith(collocation)--howthewordisused:inwhatsituationsandcontextsWecanchangethemeaningsofwordsbyaddingaffixes.Anaffixisagroupoflettersaddedtoaword,eitheratthebeginningoftheword(prefixes)orattheendoftheword(suffixes)tochangethemeaningoftheword.8Collocation:Wordsareusedtogether,inpartnerships.Thisrelationshipbetweenwordsiscalledcollocation.Forexample,verbscollocatingwithapartyincludehave,goto,andthrowbutnotmakeordo.Lexicalsetsandwordfields:Vocabulary(lexis)isoftentaughtinlexicalsetsorwordfield.Alexicalsetsisagroupofthesamecategoryofwords,soforexample,table,chair,sofa,andbedareallnounsbelongingtothelexicalsetfurniture,andangry,happy,sadandanxiousarealladjectivesbelongingtothelexicalsetemotions.Awordfieldiswiderthanalexicalsetandcontainswordsandphraseslooselyconnectedtoatopic,soforexample,thewordfieldrelationshipsmightincludethelexicalsetfamilymembers(mother,father,etc.)butalsootherwordsandphraseslikefriendship,close,distant,marriage,divorce,tobeinlivewith,etc.Registerandappropriacy:Thetermregisterisusedtodescribethesedifferencesinformality,andwetalkaboutregisterasgoingfromhigh(formallanguage)tolow(informal).Withinlowerregisterlanguageiscolloquiallanguage,whichislanguageusedinconversation.Knowingwhichregistertouseinasituationishavinganawarenessofappropriacy.9HowtohelplearnerswithvocabularyIntroducingandexplainingvocabulary:Vocabularycanbepresentedindialoguesandreadingpassageswherethenewwordsappearincontextandincombinationwithotherwords.--Youalsocanusepictures,mime,andrealobjectstointroduceandexplainthemeaningsofsimpleconcretenouns.--Withmoreabstractwordsyoucanexplainmeaningwith:1.Adefinition:povertymeansyouhaveverylittlemoney.2.Anexample:furniture:beds,tables,andchair