计算机基础-全英文版的课件

“IntroductiontoComputerScience”计算机文化基础USTBComputerDepartment“IntroductiontoComputerScience”•Class:Total30hoursLecture16hours,Lab14hours•Grading:Finalexam70%Others30%•Website:–Username:S学号–Password:123456•Instructor:TaohongZhangContact:[e-mail]•Chapter1:ComputersandDigitalBasics•Chapter2:ComputerHardware•Chapter3:ComputerSoftware•Chapter4:OS•Chapter5:Network•Chapter6:CompressChapter1ComputersanddigitalbasicsWhenyouhavecompletedthischapteryoushouldbeableto:•Definetheterm“computer”,“microcomputer”–knowthedigitalrevolution–knowthehistoryofcomputerdevelopment–knowthetypeofcomputerandfunctionofcomputer–Differentiatebetweendataandinformation,analoganddigital–Describehowdigitaldevicesrepresentnumbers,text,images,andsoundmasternumberandcode.storageformofinformation•numbersystemandconversionofnumberSectionAallthingsdigitalTheDIGITALREVOLUTION•Whatisthedigitalrevolution?•Thedigitalrevolutionisanongoingprocessofsocial,political,andeconomicchangebroughtbydigitaltechnology.•Whattechnologiesarefuelingthedigitalrevolution?•Digitalelectronics,computers,communications,networks,theWeb,anddigitization•Whatcausedthesuddenupswingincomputerownership?•ThenetworkandtheWebDigitizationistheprocessofconvertingtext,numbers,sound,photosandvideointodatathatcanbeprocessedbydigitaldevices.•Acomputernetworkisagroupofcomputerslinkedbywiredorwirelesstechnologytosharedataandresources.•TheInternetisaglobalcomputernetwork•TheWeb(shortforWorldWideWeb)isacollectionoflinkeddocuments,graphics,andsoundsthatcanbeaccessedovertheInternet.SectionAallthingsdigitalConcepts:CONVERGENCE–Whatisconvergence?(P.8ofE)–Howdoesconvergenceaffectthetypicalconsumer?–QualitySectionAallthingsdigitalDIGITALSOCIETYWhatisacomputer?(VonNeumann’sdefinition)Acomputerisamultipurposedevicethatacceptsinput,processdata,storesdata,andproducesoutput,allaccordingtoaseriesofstoredinstructions(P14.)•Adoptbinarysystem•StoreInformationSectionBDigitalDevicesAcomputeracceptsinput•“Input”:–Thewordsandsymbolsinadocument,–numbersforacalculation,–pictures,–temperaturesfromathermostat,–audiosignalsfromamicrophone,–andinstructionsforcompletingaprocess;•Aninputdevicegathersandtranslatesinputintoaformthatthecomputercanprocess.–Keyboardisthemain(standard)inputdeviceSectionBDigitalDevicesAcomputerproduceoutput•“output”:resultsproducedbyacomputer–Reports–Documents–Graphs–Music•Themainoutputdevice:–monitor–printerSectionBDigitalDevicesAcomputerprocessesdata•data–referstothesymbolsthatrepresentfacts,objects,andideas•“processdata”:–Performingcalculations–Modifyingdocumentsandpictures–Sortinglistsofwordsornumbers(p15F.1-13)–Drawinggraphs,•Acomputerprocessesdatainadevicecalledthecentralprocessingunit(CPU)SectionBDigitalDevicesAcomputerstoresdata•“Storedata”:performautomatically–Memory-datawaitingtobeused–Storage-dataleftonapermanentbasiswhileitisnotneededforprocess•File-isanamedcollectionofdatathatexistsonastoragemediumSectionBDigitalDevices•computerprogram---Theseriesofinstructionsthattellscomputerhowtocarryoutprocessingtasks.•Software--programs•Whatkindofsoftwaredocomputerrun?–Systemsoftware(P.16)–Applicationsoftware(P.16)SectionBDigitalDevicesWhat’ssosignificanttostoreinstructionsTheEvolutionofComputerHistory1.TheFirstGeneration-VacuumTubes(1946-1956)（电子管）1946ENIAC(Electronicnumericalintegratorandcalculator)General-purposeelectronicdigitalcomputerWartimeneedsDecimalProgrammedmanually1952EDVAC(TheVonNeumannMachine)(Electronicdiscretevariableautomaticcomputer)Stored-programconceptHadgeneralstructureandfunctionTheEvolutionofComputer•Weight:30t•Storage:80byte•Speed:5000/s1950sThebirthofComputerIndustryCommercialComputersIBM：Seriesof700/70002.TheSecondGeneration:Transistors（1957-1964）（晶体管）1947BellLabsinventedtransistorThelate1950sNCR,RCADeliverthenewtechnologyIBM7094Sizeofmemorygrewfrom2Kto32K.Memorycycletime(thetimetoaccessonewordofmemory)fellfrom30µsto1.4µs.Note:1K=210=1024TheEvolutionofComputer3.TheThirdGeneration:IntegratedCircuits(1965-1971)4.LaterGenerations(1972-至今)Large-scaleintegration(LSI):1000componentsVery-large-scaleintegration(VLSI):100,000componentsMicroprocessors:-microcomputer(pc)AllofthecomponentsofaCPUonasinglechipthedifferenceofcomputerandmicrocomputer:1)microprocessor;2)busstructureTheEvolutionofComputer代次起止年份所用电子元器件数据处理方式运算速度应用领域第一代1946~1957电子管汇编语言、代码程序几千~几万次/秒国防及高科技第二代1958~1964晶体管高级程序设计语言几万~几十万次/秒工程设计、数据处理第三代1965~1970中、小规模集成电路结构化、模块化程序设计、实时处理几十万~几百万次/秒工业控制、数据处理第四代1970~今大规模、超大规模集成电路分时、实时数据处理、计算机网络几百万~上亿条指令/秒工业、生活等各方面计算机发展的四个阶段Chinese“神威”computer•384CPU•384,000,000,000/s•Memorysize48GB•Harddisksize2.5TBTheFunctionsofComputerFunctions:SciencecomputationInformationdisposalProcesscontrolComputeraidedengineer(CAE)Artificialintelligence(AI)TheCategoryofComputerCategory(usage,cost,size,capability)commonlyusedcomputercategories1)Microcomputer(personalcomputer)2)servers3)Mainframes4)Supercomputers1.Personalcomputer•Microprocessor-basedcomputingdeviceforanindividualWorkstation:Twomeanings–1.anordinarypersonalcomputerconnectedtoanetwork–2.powerfuldes