LogicalFallacies逻辑谬误

TheLogicalFallaciesArgument&fallacies.Whatislogicalfallacy?whyshouldwelearnlogicalfallacies?fallaciesinandoutthetextcontentsArguments,likemen,areoftenpretenders.—PlatoargumentsconclusionpremisesfailtoprovideconclusiveevidenceWhatarefallacies?Thelogicismissingorsomethinginthecaseisnotclear.isnotnecessarilyafalsestatement.commonandquitepersuasiveatleasttothecasualreadersorlistenersTheAngelintheHouse？Girlsarenotgoodatscience.LooseGeneralization/DictoSimpliciter(过度概括）Itisanoverlybroadandabsolutestatement,whichdoesnotallowforanyexceptionsofcomplexity.ThemostbeautifulwomanscientistHedyLamarrThemotherofCDMAphonePage71,para69~74Exerciseisgood.Thereforeeverybodyshouldexercise.Exerciseisgoodisanunqualifiedgeneralization.Forinstance,ifyouhaveheartdisease,exerciseisbad,notgood........usuallygoodorgoodformostpeople.“Allgeneralizationsarefalse,includingthisone.”—MarkTwainAfloodhappenedafterthecometappeared;therefore,thecometcausedtheflood.PostHocFallacy/FalseCause（牵强附会/假性因果）Itisafallacyinwhichoneeventissaidtohavecausedanothersimplybecausetheyoccurredinsequence.Page71,Para80~85Let'snottakeBillonourpicnic.Everytimewetakehimoutwithus,itrains.EulaBeckerdoesn'tcausetherain.Shehasnoconnectionwiththerain.Gunsarelikehammers—they'rebothtoolswithmetalpartsthatcouldbeusedtokillsomeone.Andyetitwouldberidiculoustorestrictthepurchaseofhammers—sorestrictionsonpurchasinggunsareequallyridiculous.False/weakAnalogy(错误类比）Itpresumesthatiftwothingsorpeoplearealikeinoneortwoways,theywillbealikeinotherwaystoo.Page72，Para105~108Studentsshouldbeallowedtolookattheirtextbooksduringexaminations.Afterall,surgeonshaveX-raystoguidethemduringanoperation,lawyershavebriefstoguidethemduringatrial,carpentershaveblueprintstoguidethemwhentheyarebuildingahouse.Doctors,lawyers,andcarpentersaren'ttakingatesttoseehowmuchtheyhavelearned,butstudentsare.Thesituationsarealtogetherdifferent,andyoucan'tmakeananalogybetweenthem.Backfire:Para129hastygeneralizationpara75Para133falseanalogypara105Para137admisericordiampara99Para144hypothesiscontrarytofactpara109Para146dictosimpliciterpara71Para152poisoningthewellpara115gofurtherintothetextBandwagoneffect(随波逐流）PeteyBurchHastyGeneralization(草率结论）para75~79ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提）：para86~94AdMisericordiam(文不对题）：Para99~104HypothesisContrary(与事实相反的假设）para109~114PoisoningTheWell(井里投毒）para115~120Excessivedrinkingisdetrimentaltohealthbecauseitcausesharmtothebody.CircularReasoning（循环论证）Itoccurswhenyoustateyourpositionandthenrestateitindifferentwordsasyourreason.Eitherwemustsetupastrictdresscode,oremployeeswilldressinappropriately.BlackandWhiteThinking（二分法思考）Itisaformofreasoningthatpresumesthatthereareonlytwopossibilities,whentheremaybemany.Ican’tallowmysontojointhatmountainclimbingclub.Ifhedoes,hewillbeclimbingmountainsatleastonceaweek,thentwiceaweek.Beforeyouknowit,hewillspendallofhistimeclimbingmountainsandwon’tbeabletokeepupwithhisstudies.Slippery-Slope（滑坡效应）Itpresumesachainofeventsthatisonlylikelytooccurfromoneoriginalevent.summaryLoosegeneralization/Dictosimpliciter(过度概括）Posthocfallacy/Falsecause(牵强附会）Weak/Falseanalogy(错误类比）Bandwagoneffect（随波逐流）HastyGeneralization(草率结论）ContradictoryPremises(矛盾前提）AdMisericordiam(文不对题）HypothesisContrary(与事实相反的假设）PoisoningTheWell(井里投毒）Blackandwhitethinking（二分法思考）Circularreasoning(循环论证）slippery-slope(滑坡效应）whylearnlogicalfallacies1.smart(IQ&EQ）impressthejudgeandaudience.2.removinganargumentfromthetableratherthanjustweakeningit.3.prepareforyouopponents’argumentratherthanbeingtakenoffguard.羡慕嫉妒有木有浪漫纯美有米有LOVEISAFALLACYWhatconstitutestheargument,andwhattherelationbetweenargumentandfallacy?Argumentconsistsoftwoparts:aconclusionandcertainpremises.Anargumentthatfailstobeconclusivelydeducedisinvalid,whichissaidtobefallacious.whylearnlogicalfallacies1.smart(IQ&EQ）impressthejudgeandaudience.2.removinganargumentfromthetableratherthanjustweakeningit.3.prepareforyouopponents’argumentratherthanbeingtakenoffguard.timetoshow1.DefenseAttorney:Thisyoungmancouldnotpossiblyhavekilledhisparents,becauseheisnowanorphan.()A.PoisoningTheWellB.CircularReasoningC.BandwagonD.Noneoftheabove2.Mindandrivers,canbebothbroad.Itisaknownfactthatthebroadertheriver,theshalloweritis.Thereforeitmustbetrue,thatthebroaderthemindis,theshalloweritis.()A.FalseanalogyB.FalsecauseC.BlackeandwhitethinkingD.NoneoftheaboveIwouldn’thavecheatedonmyincometaxes,buteveryoneelsedoes,sowhyshould'tI?()A.slipper-slopeB.bandwagoneffectC.loosegenerationD.Noneoftheabove