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Unit1Module5GrammarandusageTo-infinitiveBare-infinitiveAfaithfulfriendishardtofind.Theonlywaytohaveafriendistobeone.Itisbettertobealonethaninbadcompany.Lookatfollowingsentences,payattentiontothewordsinred.To-infinitive知音难觅。交友的唯一方法是自己必须够朋友。与恶友交不如独处。Functionsofto-infinitive1.todoasasubjectTofindabestfriendisdifficult.Totalkwithyourmouthfullisrude.Tobecomealawyerwashischildhooddream.Wealsocanchangethissentenceinto:Itisdifficulttofindabestfriend.Itisrudetotalkwithyourmouthfull.Itwashischildhooddreamtobecomealawyer.ThesubjectshouldnotbetoolongThecatsaid,“Totakerollercoasteristerrible”.不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。Thecatsaid,“It’sterribletotakerollercoaster.”Howlongdidittakeyoutotakerollercoaster?Howterribleitistotakerollercoaster!不定式作主语常见句型：a)Itis+adj.(easy,important,difficult…)+不定式b)Itis+n.(apity,apleasure,one’sduty,ashame…)+不定式c)Ittakes/needs/requires+sometime(hours,months,days,patience…)+不定式2.todoasapredicativeOurmostimportanttasknowistomakeaplan.WhatIwanttodonowistotraveltoBeijing.当句子的主语是aim,idea,policy,question,suggestion,wish,task,duty,job,purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。Nowtheonlythingwecandoiswait.3.todoasanobjectThecatsaid“Remembernottotakeitnexttime!”(Tips:不定式否定为notto)a)可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如agree,afford,tend,ask,decide,determine,expect,fail,hope,learn,intend,manage,offer,plan,promise,refuse,want,wish2005年天津卷12题：Idon’twant_____likeI’mspeakingillofanybody,butthemanager’splanisunfair.A.tosoundB.tobesoundedC.soundingD.tohavesounded当不定式短语比宾补长时，往往将不定式放到宾补后，而用先行代词it作形式宾语，常用动词有feel,think,find,believe,consider,make等。Thecatfeltitterribletotakerollercoaster.b)只有少数介词如but,except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，但如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词含有do,does,did时，通常省略to。Wehavenochoicebuttowait.Cf.Wecandonothingbutwait.4.todoasanobjectcomplementYoushouldgetthemtohelpyou.(Theywillhelpyou.)Theybelievedhimtobehonest.(Hewashonest.)(常用谓语动词有:get,ask,force,order,tell,invite,allow,wish,want,like,expect,advise,beg等。)Tips:有些动词后面须接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有:feellistento,hearmake,let,havesee,lookat,watch,notice,observehelp但是句子变成被动语态后,不定式成为句子的主语补足语,需带to.Thebossmadeherworklonghours.主语谓语宾语宾补She主语wasmade谓语towork主补longhours(byherboss).2005全国卷(I)No.18Whilewatchingtelevision,______.A.ThedoorbellrangB.ThedoorbellringsC.WeheardthedoorbellringD.Weheardthedoorbellrings2005福建卷No.23IfanyonehappenstodropinwhileI’mout,_____himorherleaveamessage.A.haveB.getC.askD.tellIwouldrather____(go)swimming.Youhadbetter______(tidy)yourbedroom.Whynot______(visit)yourcousininJapan?gotidyvisitTips:有些句型后面须接不带to的不定式。Shetoldme_______(be)cheerfuland______(look)onthebrightside.Wehadnothing______(do)but_____(watch)TV.tobelooktodowatchTips:当两个不定式and,or,exceptbut,than或ratherthan连接起来时，第二个不定式符号省略。5.todoasanattributive①能带不定式作宾语的动词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt,decision,promise,plan等Hehasnotkepthispromise_________(write)tohisparentsregularly.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。以下几类情况常用不定式作定语：Shemadeadecision______(go)abroadforayear.towritetogo②常与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。常见的有ability,determination,anxiety,eagerness等Hiseagernesstofinishhishomeworkwasquiteclear.③序数词,形容词最高级或被only,last,next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。Shewastheonlypersontosurviveaftertheearthquake.Tips:不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系，如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上适当介词。He’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.(=Thefirstcomesandthelastleaves.)(主谓关系)Ihavenotimetolistentoyourexcuse.(同位关系)Shehasameetingtoattend.（=attendameeting)There’snothingtoworryabout.(=worryaboutnothing)(动宾关系)6.todoasanadverbial不定式可以作状语表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。①soasto(不能放句首),to,inorderto作目的状语2005年辽宁卷22题：Allthesegiftsmustbemailedimmediately_____intimeforChristmas.A.inordertohavereceivedB.inordertoreceiveC.soastobereceivedD.soastobereceiving②在so…asto,such…asto,onlyto…结构中不定式作结果状语，其中onlyto…用于表示意想不到的结果。Hehurriedtothestationonly___thatthetrainhadgone.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound③enoughto,too…to结构Theboyisn’toldenoughtogotoschool.=Theboyistooyoungtogotoschool.④形容词（glad,happy,lucky,fortunate,surprised,angry,anxious,ready,quick,slow,cruel,clever等）+不定式结构作原因状语I’mgladtomeetyou.7.作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，如tobefrank（坦白地说），tobesure（确实）等。Totellyouthetruth,Ihateyou.Theordertostartthegeneralattacksooncame.8.作同位语Tips:以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质就用：forsb.todosth.这种复合结构在句中可作主、表、宾、定、状等。Itisnecessaryforustogothere.(主语)Thereisnoneedforhimtoleave.(定语)Mysuggestionisforyoutodothejob.(表语)9.不定式复合结构如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用ofsb.todosth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right,wrong,brave,careful,careless,clever,wise,stupid,cruel,foolish,good,honest,kind,nice,silly等。It’sverykindofyoutocometoseeme.Itwasfoolishofhimtobelieveher.Ithinkitwiseofhernottoaccepttheiroffer.Tips:连接代（副）词+不定式（包括whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,（不包括why/if），在句中起名词作用，通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain等动词后作主、宾或表语。NoonecantellmewheretofindJohn.Whentotheexamisstillunknown.Theproblemishowtogetenoughmoney.10.不定式的进行式、完成式和被动式①不定式的进行式：tobe+V-ing,用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。SomestudentspretendedtobereadingEnglishwhentheteachercamein.②不定式完成式：tohave+V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。2005年江苏卷No.