Words--meaning-and-vocabulary4

Words,meaningandvocabulary:AnintroductiontomodernEnglishlexicology4Wordformation4.WordformationThischaptercovers:thereasonsforstudyingwordformationprocessesthevariousprocessesforformingnewwordsinEnglishinflectionandderivation–twoofthemostgeneralandmostpredictableprocessesofcombiningmorphemestoformwordscompounds–stemsconsistingoftwoormorerootsotherwordsformationprocessessuchasconversion,blends,andshortenings4.1Whystudyword-formationprocesses?By‘word-formationprocesses’wemeanthedifferentdeviceswhichareusedinEnglishtobuildnewwordsfromexistingones.Eachword-formationprocesswillresultintheproductionofaspecifictypeofword.Revisionofterms:Freeformsoccuralone;Boundformscannotoccuralone;StemscarrythebasicmeaningofthewordAffixesaddmeaningtothestemIfastemconsistsofasinglemorphemeitisalsocalledarootorbase.Exercise4/1:Analysethefollowingwordsintotheirconstituentmorphemes.Remember,onlyanalyseifallthepartsofthewordcanbeaccountedfor.Beadiness(珠子),coagulative(凝结物),deactivators,unforbearingly,half-deafened,Left-handedness,noncombatant,readability,temporarily,weedkiller4.2InflectionandderivationInflectionisageneralgrammaticalprocesswhichcombineswordsandaffixes(alwayssuffixesinEnglish)toproducealternativegrammaticalformsofwords.e.g.roses;colderDerivationisalexicalprocesswhichactuallyformsanewwordoutofanexistingonebytheadditionofaderivationalaffix.e.g.–ation,-ureWhiletheapplicationofinflectionleadstotheformationofalternativegrammaticalformsofthesameword,thatofderivationcreatesnewvocabularyitems.4.3InflectionalaffixesDefinitionandexamplesCharacteristicsofinflectionalaffixes4.3.1DefinitionandexamplesInflectionalaffixesmaybedescribedas‘relationalmarkers’thatfitwordsforuseinsyntax.A.ThenewworddoesnotchangeB.Butitsdistributionisthenlimitedinthesyntacticstructure.e.g.dogs(stillanoun;butonlyinpluralagreement)4.3.2CharacteristicsofinflectionalaffixesTheytendtolendthemselvestoparadigmswhichapplytothelanguageasawhole.However,thereareregularandirregularinflections.e.g.boys,children;worked,did;must(onlyoneform);Exercise4/4:Giveallthepossibleinflectionsforthefollowingwords：Bring,cow,forget,guest,have,high,stop,tall,tooth,wearyDerivationalaffixesDefinitionandexamplesTypesofderivationalaffixChartofEnglishderivationalaffixes4.4.1DefinitionandexamplesDerivationisalexicalprocesswhichactuallyformsanewwordoutofanexistingonebytheadditionofaderivationalaffix.Englishhasoversixtycommonderivationalaffixes,andthereisnotheoreticallimittotheirnumber.(Thedistinctionbetweenderivationandinflectionissometimesnotclearcut.e.g.workedvs.red-haired)Ifderivationsandinflectionsco-occur,derivationsareinner,closertothestem,andinflectionsareouter,furthestfromthestem,asshowninthetablebelow:ExampleBaseform+Derivation+Inflectionfrightenedfright-en-edactivatingactive-ate-ingpaymentspay-ment-sresignationsresign-ation-sDerivationalaffixesdonotalwayscauseachangeingrammaticalclass.e.g.think&rethinkAshiftingrammaticalclassisnotalwayssignaledbyanovertmarker.e.g.staffandstarcanbeusedbothasnounsandverbsAchangeinwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffixisknownas‘conversion’.‘Stress(usedheremeaningtheimpressionofmoreenergyinthearticulationofthestressedsyllable,whichusuallyresultsinitssurroundinglouderandlongerthanothersyllablesinthesameword)’canberegardedasaderivationalaffix.e.g.contrast(n.vs.v.);defect(n.vs.v.);import(n.vs.v.),permit(n.vs.v.),present(n.vs.v.),reject(n.vs.v.)(exception:effect)4.4.2TypesofderivationalaffixTwotypes:class-changingandclass-maintainingClass-maintainingderivationalaffixesdonotchangethewordclassbutchangethemeaningofthederivative.e.g.child,childhood(moreabstract)class-changingderivationalaffixes,onceaddedtoastem,formaderivativewhichisautomaticallymarkedbythataffixasnoun,verb,adjectiveoradverb.Englishclass-changingderivationsaremainlysuffixes.Nounderivationalaffixesarealsocalled‘nominalizers’,e.g.VerbAffixNounLeak-ageleakageArgue-mentargumentBetray-albetrayalResign-ationresignationDefend-cedefenseDisturb-ancedisturbanceRefer-eerefereeDepart-uredepartureConsult-antconsultant(Continued)VerbAffixNounFarm-erfarmerConsult-antconsultantFarm-erfarmerEnquire-yenquiryBrag(吹牛)-artbraggartConclude-ionconclusionIm`port(stress)`importAdjectiveAffixNounAccurate-yaccuracySocial-istsocialistElectric-ityelectricityFree-domfreedomGood-nessgoodnessTrue-thtruthSocial-itesocialite(社会名流)Verbderivationalaffiexesareknownas‘verbalizers’.Theyarerare.Mostofthemarecharacterizedbythefactthattheyarecausatives.NounAffixVerbFright-enfrightenPressure-izepressurizeFriendbe-befriendGlory-fyglorifyTitleen-entitleAdjectiveAffixVerbSoft-ensoftenAbleen-enablePure-ifypurifyLegal-izelegalizeVerbAffixAdjectiveArgue-ablearguableCreate-ivecreativeDepend-entdependenceSense-orysensoryTire-sometiresomeAdverbderivationalaffixesarecalled‘adverbializers’.AdjectiveAffixAdverbConsistent-lyconsistentlyNounAffixAdverbHome-wardhomewardSky-wardsskywardsClock-wiseclockwiseShorea-shoreClass-maintainingderivations:Nounpatterns:NounAffixNounMalariaanti-anti-malariaChief-domchiefdomScholar-ship