Words--meaning-and-vocabulary2

Words,meaningandvocabulary:AnintroductiontomodernEnglishlexicology2WheredoEnglishwordscomefrom?2.WheredoEnglishwordscomefrom?Thischaptercovers:EnglishinthecontextofworldlanguageshistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyfromtheOldtotheModernEnglishperiodsnativeEnglishvocabularyforeignelementsintheEnglishlexiscreationofnewwordscharacteristicsofModernEnglishvocabulary2.1TheoriginofEnglish5000orsolanguagesoftheworldgroupedintoabout300languagefamilies,onthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammars.Indo-European:mostEuropean,theNearEast,andNorthIndiaItalic,fromwhichLatinandlatertheRomancelanguagesdevelopedGermanic,whichhasthreebranches:NorthGermanic,EastGermanicandWestGermanic…2.1.1HowEnglishcometoEnglanda.EarliestresidentslaterknownasCelts,fifthmillenniumBC.(AnotherbranchofIndo-European)b.55-54BC,withstoodRomanattackc.43AD-410AD,mostoftheislandofBritainwasoccupiedbytheRomanlegions(军团),governmentofficialsandtheirhouseholdsd.WhentheEmpirebegantocrumble,themilitaryande.invasionoftherichlowlandsbythePictsandScotsf.soontheGermanictribes–calledAnglos,andSaxons,Frisians,andJutes–cameineverincreasingnumbersh.200years’warResults:someCeltswerepushedtothefringesofthecountrysome(aftergenerations)assimilatedtoAnglo–Saxon2.1.2ThenameofthelanguageEarlydays:TheGermanicinvaderscalledCeltsasWealas(foreigners)fromwhichthename‘Welsh’isderived;TheCeltscalledtheinvadersSassenachs‘Saxons’.Endof6thcenturyto7thcentury:AngliorAnglia(Angles)=Englisc=OldEnglishBeginningof10thcentury:Englaland,laterEngland2.2HistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishvocabularyTheoldEnglishperiod(450-1066)TheMiddleEnglishperiod(1066-1500)EarlyModernEnglishperiod(1500-1800)TheModernEnglishperiod(1800-present)2.2.1TheoldEnglishperiod(450-1066)Literaryage:afterthearrivaloftheChristianmissionariesfromRomeinAD597.ThefirstOldEnglish(OE)manuscriptsweresimplyafewscatteredinscriptionswrittenaroundthefifthandsixthcenturies.Representative:Beowulf,writtenaround1000.2.2.1TheoldEnglishperiod(450-1066)Spelling:AlphabetsimilartotheonestillinusetodayAfewlettersindifferentshapesAbsenceofsomeletters:j,v,f,q,x,zNumbersonlyonRomansymbols2.2.1TheoldEnglishperiod(450-1066)Comparison:LatinOldEnglishModernEnglishpraeopositioforesetuyspropositionconjunctiongedeodnysjoiningunicornisanhornunicornaspergereonstregdansprinkle2.2.1TheoldEnglishperiod(450-1066)grammaticalrelationsbyinflectionalendings(modernEnglishbywordorder)24,000lexicalitems(85%notinusenow)OEvocabularypredominantlyGermanic(nolongerthecaseforModernEnglish)Exercise2/2ExaminethefollowinglinesfromtheOldEnglishpoemBeowulf.HowmanywordscanyourecognizeasstillpartofmodernEnglishvocabulary?Panonuntydrasealleonwocon,Eotenasondylfeondorcneas,Swylcegigantas,pawiTGodewunnonLangeprage;hehimTAsleanforgeald.2.2.2TheMiddleEnglishperiod(1066-1500)MaterialsinEnglishbegantoappearinthethirteenthcenturyMiddleEnglishpoetryinfluencedbyFrenchliterarytradition,bothincontentandstyle.MostlybyanonymousRepresentatives:14thcentury:JohnWycliff,GeoffreyChaucerLater:‘ScotishChaucerians’2.2.2TheMiddleEnglishperiod(1066-1500)Variantspellingse.g.naure,noeure,ner,neure,allstandingforneuer,‘never’Astheperiodprogressed,sothespellingschangedtoapproximatethoseofModernEnglish.2.2.2TheMiddleEnglishperiod(1066-1500)Onecharacteristic:borrowingfromotherlanguagesEspeciallytheNormanconquestin1066French-EnglishbilingualismintoEnglandEarlymiddleEnglish90%oflexiconwasofnativeEnglish(Anglo-Saxon)origin;TheendofME,around75%Vocabularygreatlyincreased:borrowing,otherwordformation,e.g.compoundingandaffixation2.2.2TheMiddleEnglishperiod(1066-1500)ExampleofMiddleEnglishWilliamLangland’sPiersPlowman(late14thcentury)NauawakedWrathe,wiptwowhiteeyesAndwipanevlyngnose,andnyppedhislippys.‘AamWrap,’quodpatweye,‘woldegladelysymyte,Bopwipstoneandwipstaf,andstelaponmyenemyToslehymsleyliestslezthesYpynke.’2.2.3EarlyModernEnglishperiod(1500-1800)NoconsensusaboutthebeginningofEarlyModernEnglishperiodTheadventofprintingrevolutionasadeterminingfactorIn1476WilliamCaxtonsetuphispressinWestminster.BeginningRenaissance:mid15thuntilaround1650ArenewedinterestintheclassicallanguagesandliteraturesDevelopmentinsciencesandarts,discoveriesTheProtestantReformationExplorationofAfrica,AsiaandtheAmericasIncreaseinvocabulary2.2.3EarlyModernEnglishperiod(1500-1800)TwoimportantinfluencesonthedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage:1.WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)2.KingJamesBibleof1616(appointedtobereadinchurchesthroughoutthekingdom)2.2.3EarlyModernEnglishperiod(1500-1800)Between1530andtheRestoration(oftheMonarchy,aftertheperiodoftheCommonwealth):fastestlexicalgrowthDictionariesappearedinthisperiodSampleofEarlyModernEnglishExtractfromGeorgeFox’sJournal(mid-seventeenthcentury)&beforeIwasbroughtinbeforehimyegardesaideItwaswellifyeJusticewasnotdrunkebeforeweecametohimforheeusedtobeedrunkeveryearly:&whenIwasbroughtbeforehimbecauseIdidnotputtoffmyhatt&saidethoutohimheeasktyemanwhetherIwasnotmasedorfonde:&Isaidenoe:Ittwasmyprinciple…2.2.4TheModernEnglishperiod(1800-present)Threemainfeatur